Health Benefits

Health benefits of Sweet olive

Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen bush that is related to the olive family and is also called the Sweet Olive or False Holly. The plant comes from many places in East Asia, including the Himalayas, the regions of Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan in mainland China, Taiwan, southern Japan, and Southeast Asia, all the way down to Cambodia and Thailand. Sweet Olive, Fragrant Olive Tree, Sweet Olive Bush, Fragrant Tea Olive, Fragrant Tea Olive Tree, Chinese Olive, Tea Olive Tree, Olive Holly, Scented Olive, Fragrant Olive Shrub, Fragrant Olive Bush, Fragrant Olive, False Holly, and Holly Tea Olive are some of the familiar names for plants.

The name of the genus, “Osmanthus,” comes from the Greek words “osme,” which means “fragrance,” and “anthos,” which means “flower.” In this case, “Osmanthus” basically means “fragrant flower.” This is a good name for the plant because the flowers of the sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans) are very fragrant. The name of the species, “fragrans,” comes from Latin and means “fragrant” or “sweet-smelling.” It refers to the lovely and strong smell of the flowers of the sweet olive. Osmanthus tea has been used as a plant tea in traditional Chinese medicine to treat periods that don’t come on time. In in vitro tests, the flower extract protected neurons, removed free radicals, and reduced oxidative damage. There’s also Ayurvedic use for it.

Sweet Olive Facts

Sweet olive Quick Facts
Name: Sweet olive
Scientific Name: Osmanthus fragrans
Origin Various parts of East Asia from the Himalayas through the provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan in Mainland China, Taiwan, southern Japan and Southeast Asia as far south as Cambodia and Thailand
Colors Initially green turning to dark purplish-black, almost black, or dark blue as they mature
Shapes Small, oval to round shaped fruit typically measure around 1/2 -1 inch (1.3 cm - 2.5 cm) in length
Taste Subtle, sweet, and mildly fruity flavor
Health benefits Stress Reduction, Skin Health, Weight Management, Diabetes Management, Heart Health, Cognitive Function, Pain Relief, Mood Enhancement, Respiratory Health, Allergy Relief, Improved Sleep, Gastrointestinal Soothing and Oral Health
Name Sweet olive
Scientific Name Osmanthus fragrans
Native Various parts of East Asia from the Himalayas through the provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan in Mainland China, Taiwan, southern Japan and Southeast Asia as far south as Cambodia and Thailand
Common Names Sweet Olive, Fragrant Olive Tree, Sweet Olive Bush, Fragrant Tea Olive, Fragrant Tea Olive Tree, Chinese Olive, Tea Olive Tree, Olive Holly, Scented Olive, Fragrant Olive Shrub, Fragrant Olive Bush, Fragrant Olive, False Holly, Holly Tea Olive, Sweet Olive Plant, Japanese Tea Olive, Devilwood, Tea Olive
Name in Other Languages Afrikaans: Geurige Olyf
Arabic: Zaytun ‘atari (يتون عطري) Zaytoun Atiri (زيتون عطري), Zeitun Baar, eabaqat ‘arijia  (عبقة أريجية)
Armenian: Osmant’us (Օսմանթուս)
Assamese: Mishti Olive (মিষ্টি অলিভ), Dugi Olive (দুগী অলিভ)
Bengali: Misti jalpai (মিষ্টি জলপাই), Champa (চম্পা), Gandhachurna (গন্ধচূর্ণ), Kanna (কান্না), Mishti Olive (মিষ্টি অলিভ)
Bulgarian: Sladak maslinov (Сладък маслинов), aromaten osmantus (ароматен османтус)
Chinese: Dan Gui (丹桂), Sweet Olive, Fragrant Olive, mù xī (木樨), guì huā (桂花), Katsura Hanako (桂花子), Guìhuā zhī (桂花枝), Keika ne (桂花根), Guìhuā lù (桂花露)
Croatian: Mirisna maslina
Czech: Vonící olše
Danish: Duftblomst
Dogri: Mittha Olive (ਮਿੱਠਾ ਓਲੀਵ)
Dutch: Geurende olijfboom
English: Sweet Olive, Sweet osmanthus, Fragrant Olive, Tea Olive,
Estonian: Lõhnav pärn
Filipino: Kalachuchi, Matamis na olibo
Finnish: Tuoksuomenapuu
French: Osmanthe odorant, Olivier odorant, Olivier de Chine,
Garhwali: Meetha Jais Nasya (मीठा जैस नस्या)
German: Duftblüte, Wohlriechender Duftstrauch, Duftender Olivenbaum, Süße Duftblüte
Greek: Glykós Elaiokráno (Γλυκός Ελαιοκράνο), Aromatikó eliá (Αρωματικό ελιά), Glykástano (Γλυκάστανο)
Gujarati: Sugandhmaru (સુગંધમારુ), Mīṭhuṁ Oliv (મીઠું ઓલિવ), Mohni Oliv (મોહની અલિવ)
Hebrew: Zeit Meriri (זית מרירי), Zayit reichani (זית ריחני)
Hindi: Mitha jaitun (मिठा जैतून), Mitha Jaisa Nasya (मिठा जैसा नस्या), silang (सिलंग)
Hungarian: Illatcseresznye
Italian: Olivo fragrante, osmanto odorato
Japanese: Kinmokusei (金木犀), Mokusei (木犀), Usugimokusei (ウスギモクセイ), Kinmokusei (キンモクセイ), Ginmokusei(ギンモクセイ)
Kannada: Huli Hoovu (ಹುಲಿ ಹೂವು), Inipu Olive (ಇನಿಪು ಒಲಿವ್ ), Madhura Olive (ಮಧುರ ಒಲಿವ್)
Kashmiri: Meeth Zait (میٹھ زیت)
Konkani: Godayanchi Kirayat (गोडयांची किरायट)
Korean: Geummokseo (금목서), Hangul (향목향나무), Naenginamu (냉이나무), Mogseo (목서), mok seo,
Latvian: Saldā egle, Saldā ola, Saldā olīve
Lithuanian: Kvapnus alksnis, Kvapni ožka
Malay: Bunga Kenanga, Pokok zaitun wangi, Manis Zaitun, Zaitun manis
Malayalam: Panniyaara (പന്നിയാര), Pachamulaku (പച്ചമുളക്)
Marathi: Champa (चम्पा), Madhur Jhendu (मधुर झेंडू)
Manipuri: Mitkhoona (ꯊꯨꯟ ꯋꯦꯜ)
Nagamese: Mishti Olive (মিষ্টি অলিভ)
Nepali: Sugandha Champa (सुगन्ध चम्पा), Sugandha Laharo (सुगन्ध लहरो), Mitho Jaitun (मिठो जैतुन)
Norwegian: Duftoliven
Odia: Sugandhi Jai, Mitha Oliv (ମିଠା ଓଲିଭ)
Persian: Zaytoon-e shirin (زیتون شیرین), Zeytun Atari (زیتون عطری)
Polish: Pachnący osmantus, Słodki oliwecznik, Wończa pachnąca
Portuguese: Oliveira-doce, Oliveira-fragrante, Flor-do-emperador, Flor-do-imperador, Jasmim, Jasmim-do-imperador, Oliveira-cheirosa, jasmineiro-do-imperador, queifa-da-china
Punjabi: Sheeran Patta (ਸ਼ੀਰਨ ਪੱਤਾ), Miṭhā Ālīv (ਮਿੱਠਾ ਆਲੀਵ), ਮਿੱ Mitthi Jeetoon (ਠੀ ਜੈਤੂਨ)
Romanian: Măslin dulce, Osmanthus dulce
Russian: Dushistyy olivkovyy (Душистый оливковый), Aromatnoye olivkovoye derevo (Ароматное оливковое дерево), osmantus dushistyy (османтус душистый)
Sanskrit: Madhuraphala (मधुरफल)
Santali: Mitjampa (মিঠজাম্পা)
Serbian: Mirisna maslina (Мирисна маслина)
Sindhi: (Mitho Zeet (مٺو زيت)
Sinhala: Susrā (සුසරා), Sugandhi Oliva
Slovak: Vonkajší olša
Slovenian: Dišeča oljka
Sotho: Olibe Oa Mohlokomane
Spanish: Olivo fragante or Olivo dulce, tea olive
Swahili: Mparufu, Mzaituni Mwenye Harufu Nzuri
Swedish: Doftolvon
Tamil: Manaivi Vilva (மனைவி வில்வா), Iniṟppu Āliv (இனிப்பு ஆலிவ்)
Telugu: Gandharajapuvvu (గంధరాజపువ్వు), Swīṭ Āliv (స్వీట్ ఆలివ్)
Thai: Ton makok hom (ต้นมะกอกหอม), Makok Hom (มะกอกหอม), Nakhrai (นาคร้าย), H̄xm h̄mụ̄̀n lī̂ (หอมหมื่นลี้)
Tulu: Inipu Olive (ಇನಿಪು ಒಲಿವ್)
Turkish: Kokulu zeytin ağacı, Tatlı Zeytin, Kokulu zeytin
Ukrainian: Aromatna olyvkova (Ароматна оливкова), osmantus zapashnyy (османтус запашний)
Urdu: Meethi Zeytun (میٹھی زیتون), Khushboo Wala Zaitoon, Meetha Zaitoon (میٹھا زیتون)
Vietnamese: Hoa Lưỡi Hổ Hương, Cỏ ngọt, Cây mui hương, Cây Lưỡi Hổ Hương, Hoa mộc
Xhosa: Isithelo Somanzi
Zhuang: Gveiqva
Zulu: Isimungu Samanzi
Plant Growth Habit Small, upright, evergreen shrub or small tree
Growing Climates Forests, hillsides, along riverbanks, Ornamental Gardens, Parks, Residential Landscapes, containers, streets, patios, balconies, and small spaces
Soil Well-draining soil is essential for sweet olive. It prefers slightly acidic to neutral soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5
Plant Size 6 to 30 feet (1.8 to 9 meters) tall and 6 to 15 feet (1.8 to 4.5 meters) wide
Root Fibrous root system consisting of numerous smaller lateral roots
Stem Main stem is the central, woody, upright structure from which branches and leaves emerge
Bark Smooth thin greenish to brownish color when young becomes rougher, fissured, forming shallow furrows or ridges as it ages
Leaf Simple, lanceolate to elliptical in shape about 5 to 10 cm long and 2.5 to 5 cm wide, smooth and entire margins. They have a glossy or shiny texture on the upper surface. The lower surface is usually a lighter green and may be less glossy
Flowering season September to November
Flower Flowers are white, pale yellow, yellow, or orange-yellow, small, about 1 cm (0.39 in) long, with a four-lobed corolla 5 mm (0.20 in) diameter, and have a strong fragrance; they are produced in small clusters in the late summer and autumn
Fruit Shape & Size Small, oval to round shaped fruit typically measure around 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters) to 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) in length containing a single hard-shelled seed
Fruit Color Initially green turning to dark purplish-black, almost black, or dark blue as they mature
Weight Around 0.02 to 0.04 ounces (0.5 to 1 gram)
Flesh Typically juicy and somewhat translucent when the fruit is fully ripe. It is not typically eaten on its own
Seed Relatively large compared to the size of the fruit. They are typically about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (0.6 to 1.3 cm) in length
Flavor/Aroma Floral, fruity, and apricot-like fragrance with hints of peach and jasmine
Taste Subtle, sweet, and mildly fruity flavor
Plant Parts Used Flowers, leaves and bark
Propagation By seeds, stem cutting and layering
Lifespan For several decades to even over a century if well cared
Season February to April
Varieties
  • Osmanthus fragrans var. fragrans
  • Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Fudingzhu
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Thunbergii’
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Conger Yellow’
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Pearly Gates’
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Variegatus’
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Alboplenus’
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Aurantiacus Double’
  • Osmanthus fragrans ‘Tricolor’
Available Forms
  • Herbal Teas
  • Tinctures
  • Infused Oils
  • Poultices
  • Syrups and Elixirs
  • Herbal Combinations
  • Homeopathic Preparations
Health benefits
  • Antioxidant Properties
  • Anti-Inflammatory Effects
  • Digestive Aid
  • Stress Reduction
  • Skin Health
  • Weight Management
  • Diabetes Management
  • Heart Health
  • Cognitive Function
  • Pain Relief
  • Anti-Anxiety and Mood Enhancement
  • Respiratory Health
  • Allergy Relief
  • Improved Sleep
  • Anti-Aging Benefits
  • Anti-Bacterial and Antifungal Properties
  • Gastrointestinal Soothing
  • Immune System Support
  • Oral Health

Plant Description

Sweet olive bush or tree is about 6 to 30 feet (1.8 to 9 meters) tall and 6 to 15 feet (1.8 to 4.5 meters) wide. It grows straight up and stays green all year. This plant can be found in ornamental gardens, parks, forests, hillsides, along riverbanks, in containers, on streets, patios, balconies, and in small areas. Soil that drains well is important for sweet olive. If the dirt is between 6.0 and 7.5 on the pH scale, it does best. It is prized for both its scent and its beauty as an ornament. It is often used as a display plant, in hedges, or in mixed shrub borders to make them look nice all year. According to East Asian customs, the plant is important to their culture. It’s often linked to parties and gatherings, and the way it smells stands for love and purity.

East Asian parks, as well as gardens in Europe, North America, and other places around the world, grow it as an ornamental plant because its flowers smell like ripe peaches or apricots. Sweet Olive is linked to purity, love, and celebrations in some East Asian societies. It is important to the culture and is often used in ceremonies and holidays. Its glossy, dark green leaves and fragrant flowers make it a favorite choice for borders, hedges, and as a single plant. For hundreds of years, people have grown and loved it for its scent and decorative value. Pollinators, like bees and butterflies, like flowers, and they can help the variety of a place. Flowers’ sweet, flowery smell is also used in the perfume and fragrance business, most of the time as a base note in different perfumes and scented items.

Appropriate growing environment for Sweet olive

Sweet olive is a popular evergreen shrub or small tree known for its fragrant flowers. To ensure that it thrives and produces its delightful aroma, it’s important to provide it with the appropriate growing environment. Here are some key considerations:

Roots

When Sweet Olive is young, it usually has a taproot, which is the main root in the middle that goes up into the ground. But as the plant grows older, the taproot often fades away and the root system gets thinner and woodier. As it grows older, it creates a fibrous root system with many smaller side roots. These fibrous roots spread out horizontally and can reach far below the plant’s top. The job of these plants is to take water and nutrients from the dirt. Adventitious roots, which grow from non-root tissues like stems or twigs, can be made by Sweet Olive. These roots can help the plant stay put and give it extra support.

Feeder roots are the thinnest, hair-like roots that grow at the ends of the flexible roots. Most of the plant’s water and nutrients are taken in by feeder roots. Additionally, their large surface area and root hairs make it easier for them to take in water and nutrients from the earth. Root hairs are tiny structures that look like hairs and stick out from the surface of the food roots. They make the root’s surface area much bigger, which makes it easier for the plant to take in water and nutrients. There is a protected root cap at the end of each root. The root cap gives the root a smooth surface that lets it push through the dirt particles, which helps it get into the ground and get around obstacles.

Stem

The center, woody, upright structure from which branches and leaves grow is called the main stem, which is also sometimes called the trunk. In older trees, the stem may stand out more and get bark that is different in texture and color, but is usually gray or brown. There are many branches that grow out from the main stem or trunk of a sweet olive plant. When the plant is young, these stems may be thin and bendy, but as the plant grows older, they get thicker and stiffer.

Along the stem, nodes are the places where leaves, buds, and branches grow. There are clear nodes on stems where leaves connect. There are places between nodes that are known as internodes. These parts of the stem are where growth and extension happen. As plants grow, their stems get longer, and the internodes get longer when the plant is actively growing.

Bark

The bark on young twigs is mostly smooth and thin. It usually has a greenish to brownish color, but this can change based on the type and the weather. The bark on young twigs isn’t very rough. As the plant grows older, its skin gets rougher and more noticeable. As it ages, it may crack and make shallow furrows or ridges. In smaller stems, it usually changes from green or brownish-green to gray, grayish-brown, or even darker shades as the plant gets older. The bark may have marks and designs that aren’t straight, and the color, shading, and surface texture may be different. Little bumps called lenticels can be seen on the bark’s surface. They make it easier for gases to move around, which lets the stem cells breathe. The lenticels may stand out more in the Sweet Olive wood as the plant gets older.

Leaves

The leaf shapes range from lance-shaped to oval, which means they are long and narrow with sharp tips. It looks like the leaves are long and oval. On the stem, the leaves are grouped that way or almost that way. Most leaf borders are smooth and whole, which means they don’t have teeth or serrations along the edges. The tips of the leaves are smooth and don’t break off. On the top of leaves, there is a smooth or shiny finish. The shine on them makes them look more appealing. Some leaves may be less shiny and have a lighter green color on the bottom.

Different types of plants and environments can cause leaves to be different sizes. In general, they are between 5 and 10 cm long and 2 to 4 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) wide. The veins on leaves are pinnate, which means they run parallel to each other along the length of the leaf. This leaf’s tubes help move water and food around the leaf. Most of the time, the top is a dark, rich green color and the bottom is a lighter shade of green. Tapered or attenuate means that the base of the leaf gets narrower as it links to the stem. The thin tube that connects the leaf blade to the stem is called the petiole. The stalk on Sweet Olive is pretty short and goes straight from the leaf to the stem.

Flowers

Inflorescences are groups of flowers that grow together. Each cluster has a bunch of small, tube-shaped flowers close together. Each flower has four small blooms that are white to off-white. People often say that these petals are tube or funnel-shaped and feel like wax. The petals’ bases are surrounded by green sepals that may be partly fused together to form a cup-like shape. Several stamens can be found inside the flower. The male parts of the flower are called stamens. Each flower has four stamens, which are usually made up of two pairs. The stalks of the stamens are thin, and the anthers on top make pollen.

It is the female reproductive part of the flower that is called the pistil. There is one pistil in a flower, and it has three parts: the ovary, the style, and the stigma. The ovary is the base of the pistil that looks like a bulb. This is where the ovules (possible seeds) grow. The style is a thin tube-like structure that links the stigma to the ovary. At the top of the style, the stigma is the area that can accept pollen and fertilize the flower. The strong, sweet smell of Sweet Olive flowers is one of their most noticeable traits. People often say that the scent smells like fruit and apricots. This wonderful smell is what makes Sweet Olive so valuable in perfumes and gardening.

Fruits

The fruits are small and shaped like ovals or ellipsoids. In general, they are between 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) and 1 inch (2.5 cm) long. The flowers are green when they are young, but they turn another color as they get older. It gets dark purple-black, almost black, or dark blue when the Sweet Olive fruit is ready. When the fruit is young and green, the exocarp is thin and spongy. As the fruit ripens and turns darker, it gets tougher and leatherier. The fruit gets its name from the mesocarp, which is sweet and juicy. The mesocarp is where most of the sweet taste is found. It can be hard to crack open the endocarp because it is usually very hard. It keeps the seed safe from outside harm. Sweet olive fruits usually ripen in late summer to early fall, but it depends on the type of olive and the weather.

Seeds

The seeds of a sweet olive are pretty big compared to the fruit itself. The length varies from seed to seed, but is usually between 1/4 and 1/2 inch (0.6 to 1.3 cm). In order to protect itself, the seed has a covering called the testa. The baby inside is protected by the seed coat, which is pretty hard

Varieties of Sweet olive

Sweet Olive is a versatile plant with several cultivars and varieties, each with its unique characteristics, including flower color, fragrance, and growth habits. Here are some well-known varieties of Sweet Olive:

Health benefits of Sweet olive

Sweet olive offers various health benefits. Here are detailed explanations of its potential health benefits:

1. Antioxidant Properties

Antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolic chemicals are found in large amounts in sweet olive leaves. These antioxidants help the body get rid of dangerous free radicals, which lowers oxidative stress. In this way, they might lower their chance of getting long-term illnesses like cancer and heart disease.

2. Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Some chemicals in sweet olives, like quercetin and kaempferol, have been shown to reduce inflammation. These chemicals might help lower inflammation in the body, which is a cause of many long-term illnesses like arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.

3. Respiratory Health

In traditional Chinese medicine, sweet olive has been used for a long time to treat lung problems. People think it can help reduce coughs, ease sore throats, and make breathing better in general. People with asthma, coughing, or seasonal allergies may benefit the most from this.

4. Digestive Aid

In the past, sweet olive leaves were used to help digestion. If you have stomach problems like bloating, gas, or heartburn, drinking sweet olive tea might help. It can also help you go to the bathroom regularly.

5. Stress Reduction

The nice and relaxing smell of sweet olive is known to help people who are stressed. Aromatherapy with fresh flowers or sweet olive essential oil can help calm the mind, lower stress, and improve general emotional health.

6. Skin Health

Because it is good for the skin, sweet olive essential oil is sometimes used in skin care items. It can keep the skin wet and fresh, which can make fine lines and wrinkles look less noticeable. It can also help protect the skin from damage caused by smog and UV rays in the air.

7. Weight Management

Extracts from sweet olives have been shown to have the ability to change how fat is burned. Based on some studies, these extracts may help people who are trying to lose weight. But more research is needed to prove that it works in this way.

8. Diabetes Management

Sweet olives may help keep blood sugar levels in check. Compounds in sweet olives can make insulin work well, which could help people who already have diabetes or are at risk of getting it.

9. Heart Health

Sweet olives may be good for your heart because they contain antioxidants and reduce inflammation. They can help lower blood pressure, lower the chance of atherosclerosis (artery hardening), and raise good cholesterol levels, all of which lower the risk of heart disease.

10. Cognitive Function

Some studies have shown that products from sweet olives can protect neurons. These benefits might be good for memory, brain health, and cognitive function. But more study is needed to fully understand these possible advantages.

11. Pain Relief

In the past, sweet olives were used to ease pain. It might help with headaches, joint pain, and menstrual cramps, so in some cases it can be used instead of over-the-counter painkillers.

12. Anti-Anxiety and Mood Enhancement

People say that the nice smell of sweet olive flowers can help them relax. Using sweet olive essential oil in aromatherapy or just breathing in the scent of the flowers can help lower stress, boost happiness, and ease anxiety. Having this can be good for your mental health.

13. Allergy Relief

Compared to many other flowering plants, sweet olive flowers are less likely to make people allergic. If you are allergic to pollen, sweet olive may be a better choice for gardening because it is less likely to make you sick.

14. Improved Sleep

The soothing smell of sweet olive can help you sleep better. Putting a bag of dried sweet olive flowers next to your pillow or diffusing sweet olive essential oil can help you fall asleep faster and sleep better.

15. Anti-Aging Benefits

Antioxidants in sweet olives, like vitamins A and E, can help keep skin from getting old too quickly. They fight free radicals and lower oxidative stress, both of which can cause fine lines and wrinkles. To keep your skin looking young, you can use sweet olive oil or extracts of it in your skincare practices.

16. Anti-Bacterial and Antifungal Properties

In some tests, sweet olive extracts have been shown to kill bacteria and fungi. This makes it seem like they might help fight some bacterial and fungal infections, but more study is needed to be sure they work in clinical settings.

17. Gastrointestinal Soothing

In traditional herbal treatment, sweet olive leaves are used to ease stomachaches and other stomach problems. People think that sweet olive tea or liquids can help calm the stomach and digestive system.

18. Immune System Support

Sweet olives may help improve the immune system by giving it more antioxidants and immune-boosting properties. This makes the body less likely to get sick or infected.

19. Oral Health

In some countries, sweet olive leaves have been used to keep teeth healthy. They might help get rid of bad breath and keep your gums healthy. It might help to chew on fresh, sweet olive leaves or use mouthwash with sweet olives in it.

Culinary Uses of Sweet olive

Sweet olive has some culinary uses, primarily in regions where it is grown and appreciated for its fragrant flowers. Here are a few culinary uses of sweet olive:

Different uses of Sweet olive

Sweet olive has a wide range of uses beyond its culinary and potential health benefits. Here are various uses of sweet olive:

Side effects of Sweet olive

Sweet olive is generally considered safe when used in moderation and for its intended purposes, such as landscaping, aromatherapy, and culinary uses. However, there are a few potential side effects and considerations to keep in mind:

References:

https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+fragrans

https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.38038

https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=OSFR2

https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/OSUFR

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanthus_fragrans

https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/276566

http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Fragrant%20Olive.html

https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Osmanthus+fragrans

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