Shoebutton Ardisia Quick Facts | |
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Name: | Shoebutton Ardisia |
Scientific Name: | Ardisia elliptica |
Origin | Indian Sub-continent (i.e. southern India and Sri Lanka) and south-eastern Asia (i.e. Taiwan, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines). |
Colors | Initially green and turning red when they mature and then purple/black when ripe |
Shapes | Fleshy drupes that is 5-9 mm across and are globose or sub-globose berries |
Flesh colors | Whitish |
Health benefits | Beneficial for pulmonary tuberculosis, hepatitis, chronic bronchitis, irregular menstruation, fever, diarrhea, rheumatism, retrosternal pains, herpes and measles |
Name | Shoebutton Ardisia |
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Scientific Name | Ardisia elliptica |
Native | Uncertain although the original range has invariably included Indian Sub-continent (i.e. southern India and Sri Lanka) and south-eastern Asia (i.e. Taiwan, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines) |
Common Names | Duck’s Eye, Elliptical-Leaf Ardisia, Inkberry, Seashore Ardisia, Shoe button, Shoebutton Ardisia, spear flower, ardisia, China shrub, jet berry |
Name in Other Languages | Adi: Goyakpin Australia: China shrub, duck’s eye, jet berry Bengali: Banajāma (বনজাম) Bulgarian: Elipsovidna ardiziâ (елипсовидна ардизия) Burmese : Krak-Ma.Oak Chinese : Ai Zi Jin Niu, Dong Fang Zi Jin Niu, Suan Tai Cai (酸苔菜), Lan yu zi jin niu (蘭嶼紫金牛) Cook Islands : Venevene Tinitō, Vine Tinitō Cuba: Ardisia English: Shoe-button ardisia, Shoebutton, duck’s eye, ellliptical-leaf ardisia, shoebutton ardisia, China-shrub French : Ardisie Elliptique, Ati Popa’a German: Schuhknopfardisia Hindi: Dhan-priya (धनप्रिया) India: Nbong Thithi, Kitti Gocho, Kutti, Lidi Kutti, Reedikki, Goli, Bisi, Kadna, Katapenga, Bugadi, Manipudbam, Kozhkkottai, Narikandam, Kaka-njara, Bodhina gida, Shuli, Bode, Sore, Banjam, Kuti, Damaai phal Indonesia : Buni Keraton, Lempeni Jamaica: Blackberry Japanese: Seironmanryou (セイロンマンリョウ) Javanese: Lempeni Kannada: Bodinagida (ಬೋದಿನಗಿಡ), shuli, Bode (ಬೋದೆ), Sore, Chitli (ಚಿಟ್ಲಿ) Malay: Pokok Mempenai Malayalam: kakkanjara (കാക്കഞാറ), kēālarakk (കോലരക്ക്), kolarakku, kuḻimuṇṭan (കുഴിമുണ്ടൻ ), mēāḷakka (മോളക്ക), kēālarakk (കോലരക്ക്) Malaysia: Rempenai, Mempanai, Cempenai, Penai, Buah Letus, Kayu Lampilan, Duan Bisa Hati, Mata Ayam, Mata Itek, Mata Pelanduk, penar, Penah, Periah, Mata pelandok Maori (Cook Islands): Venevene tinitō, vine tinitō Marathi: Bugadi (बुगडी), dikna (दिकना) Nepali: Damaai phal (दमाई फल) Odia: Banajamu (ବଣଜାମୁ), kakajambu (କାକଜମ୍ବୁ) Pakistan : Halad Philippines : Bahagion, Kolen, Katagpo Puerto Rico: Mameyuelo Russian: Ardiziya ellipticheskaya (ардизия эллиптическая) Samoan : Togo Vao Tahitian : Ati Popa‘A, Atiu Tamil: Kolurucci (கோழுருச்சி), kozhikotai (கோழிக்கொடை), manipushpam (மணிபுஷ்பம்), narikandam (நாரிக்கண்டம்) Telugu: Adavi mayuri (అడవి మయూరి), kaashi neredu (కాశి నేరేడు), konda mamidi (కొండ మామిడి), konda pogada (కొండ పొగడ), kondamayuramu (కొండమయూరము), pagada mulaka (పగడ ములక) Thailand: Ramyai, Langphisa, Thurang Kasah, Cham, Pak Cham, Rām h̄ıỵ̀ (รามใหญ่) Tulu: Bode (ಬೋದೆ) USA: Inkberry, jet berry |
Plant Growth Habit | Tropical to semi-tropical broadleaf evergreen shrub or small tree |
Growing Climates | Under storey in tidal swamps, mangroves habitats, moist ravines and forests, riparian habitats, marsh islands, cypress stands, wet forests, monsoonal forests, wetlands and fallow fields, roadsides, scrubland, near villages, on field edges, in coastal areas, disturbed forest, mesic forest, lowland areas, along beaches, tidal riversides, peat-swamps, coastal berm, maritime hammock, hardwood hammock, mesic flat woods and cabbage palm hammock |
Soil | Prefers a moist or even wet, fertile soil, and can succeed in clay |
Plant Size | Up to 13 meters tall but is usually much smaller. The bole can be up to 20 cm in diameter |
Root | Grows a strong taproot, much-branched laterals, and fine roots with rhizomorphic tips |
Stem | Plants produce strong stems with gray bark. The stems are usually single, but additional sprouts may arise from the rootstalk, especially if the plant is injured. |
Leaf | Simple leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and borne on stalks 5-20 mm long. These leaf stalks are either green or reddish in color. The leaf blades are 6-20 cm long and 1.5-7 cm wide and are oval or somewhat elongated in shape (i.e. elliptic or oblanceolate) |
Flowering season | February and April |
Flower | Flowers are 6-13 mm across and usually have five small sepals that are 1-3 mm long and five petals, both of which also have their outer surfaces covered in tiny black spots (i.e. they are black punctate). The petals are pale pink, pale lavender or whitish in color, somewhat leathery in nature, and are slightly joined together at their bases |
Fruit Shape & Size | Fleshy drupes that is 5-9 mm across and are globose or sub-globose berries |
Fruit Color | Initially green and turning red when they mature and then purple/black when ripe |
Flesh Color | Whitish |
Seed | Seeds are approximately spherical with a diameter of about 5 mm |
Propagation | By seeds |
Plant Parts Used | Leaves, fruits |
Lifespan | Between 10 – 25 years |
Season | September -November |
Plant Description
Shoebutton ardisia is a tropical to semi-tropical broadleaf evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach up to 13 meters tall but is usually much smaller. The bole can be up to 20 cm in diameter. The plant is found growing in under storey in tidal swamps, mangroves habitats, moist ravines and forests, riparian habitats, marsh islands, cypress stands, wet forests, monsoonal forests, wetlands and fallow fields, roadsides, scrubland, near villages, on field edges, in coastal areas, disturbed forest, mesic forest, lowland areas, along beaches, tidal riversides, peat-swamps, coastal berm, maritime hammock, hardwood hammock, mesic flat woods and cabbage palm hammock. The plant prefers a moist or even wet, fertile soil, and can succeed in clay soil as well. The plant grows a strong taproot, much-branched laterals, and fine roots with rhizomorphic tips.
Stems
Undamaged plants in forest habitats are characterized by a single main stem, producing short, spreading branches. Younger branches are 3-7 mm thick and are prominently angled and hairless.
Leaves
The simple leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and borne on stalks 5-20 mm long. These leaf stalks are either green or reddish in color. The leaf blades are 6-20 cm long and 1.5-7 cm wide and are oval or somewhat elongated in shape (i.e. elliptic or oblanceolate). They are somewhat leathery in nature and have entire margins, and have pointed or somewhat rounded tips (i.e. acute or obtuse apices). The leaves are also hairless and young foliage is often reddish in color.
Flowers
The flowers are borne on small branches that are 3-8 cm long emanating from the upper leaf forks of the main branches. The bases of the flower stalks are clustered together at or near the same point towards the end of the flowering branches (i.e. umbellate to racemose axillary inflorescences). These flower stalks are 1-2 cm long and are covered in tiny black spots. The flowers are 6-13 mm across and usually have five small sepals that are 1-3 mm long and five petals, both of which also have their outer surfaces covered in tiny black spots (i.e. they are black punctate). The petals are pale pink, pale lavender or whitish in color, somewhat leathery in nature, and are slightly joined together at their bases. These petals are up to 9 mm long and are somewhat elongated in shape (i.e. lanceolate) with pointed tips (i.e. acute or attenuate apices). The flowers also have five yellow stamens that surround a slightly longer style topped with a tiny pointed stigma. Flowering normally takes place in between February and April.
Fruit
Fertile flowers are followed by fleshy fruit that is 5-9 mm across and are rounded (i.e. globose or sub-globose) berries (actually drupes) that quickly turn from green to red when still quite immature. They eventually turn deep purplish or black in color at maturity and contain a single round hard seed that is about 5 mm across and is surrounded by a whitish colored pulp.
Traditional uses and benefits of Shoebutton Ardisia
- The genus Ardisia is widely used as the traditional medicine to cure diseases like pulmonary tuberculosis, hepatitis, chronic bronchitis and irregular menstruation.
- In Pakistani traditional medicine its roots are used against fever, diarrhea and rheumatism.
- In folkloric medicine, the leaves or roots are boiled and a decoction is drunk for pains at the heart.
- Leaves or the roots are used to treat fever, diarrhea and liver poisoning.
- In traditional Thai medicine it has antipyretic activity and is used in diarrhea, gonorrhea and venereal diseases.
- It a medicinal plant traditionally used for alleviating chest pains, fever, diarrhea, liver poisoning and parturition complications in Malaysia.
- In Orissa, India, the fruit is used for fits by the Kondh tribal community and for eye pain by the Poraja tribal community.
- The roots are used medicinally at childbirth.
- A decoction of the leaves is said to assuage retrosternal pains.
- The leaves are used to soothe and heal wounds in Philippines.
- In Malaysia, a decoction of leaves is said to assuage retrosternal pains.
- A paste made from the leaves is used to treat herpes and measles.
- The fruits are used to cure diarrhea with fever in traditional Thai medicine.
- In Southeast Asia leaves are used to treat scabies, and fruit for intestinal worms.
- The Malays use a decoction of leaves to treat heart pains.
- Leaves used to treat scabies and intestinal worms.
- It can fight off free radicals which causes cancer, pre-mature ageing, and other diseases.
- Boiled leaves or roots used to treat heartache.
- In pharmacy, Shoebutton Ardisia has anti-platelet and anti-bacterial substances.
Culinary Uses
- Fruit is edible and taste slightly sour and lacks flavor.
- Young leafy shoots can be eaten raw or cooked.
- In Orissa, the fruit are eaten by the Kondh, Poraja, Gadaba and Bonda tribal communities and the leaves used as vegetable by the Gadaba tribal community.
- Young and fresh leaves are cooked as leafy vegetables and the ripe fruits are edible.
- Leaves and young shoots eaten as vegetable; used as greens for salad or cooked with meat or fish.
- Flowers and fruits cooked as flavoring for fish.
- In the Malay Peninsula, young shoots are eaten.
Other Facts
- The plant is a popular ornamental for growing in pots or in garden landscape.
- The plant is useful for fuel and for use as vegetable stakes.
- When the ripe fruit is squeezed by hand, the liquid can make fingers purple.
- Individuals reach reproductive maturity in 2-4 years in the wild and 1-2 years in cultivation.
- Mature plants in the forest with lots of sun can produce 400 fruits.
Prevention and Control
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product’s label.
Control
Physical/mechanical control
Hand-pulling of seedlings is effective when plants are small, if rather time-consuming. Medium-sized plants can be mown, but then regrowth must be managed, such as with herbicide applications.
Biological control
Ewe et al. made two surveys of central and northern peninsula Malaysia in 2004 and 2005 to look for potential bio-control agents, but found only generalist herbivores as natural enemies.
Chemical control
In areas with a dense groundcover of seedlings, a broadcast spray of glyphosate is effective, although desirable plants will also be killed if not carefully avoided. Mature shrubs can be treated with a basal application of triclopyr mixed with oil. PIER noted from work in Hawaii that it is susceptible to 2, 4-D, especially after mowing, while triclopyr, dicamba and metsulfuron are less effective. Glyphosate is also reported as effective as a foliar spray and as a basal bark treatment, with tebuthiuron, triclopyr and triclopyr ester also proving effective. Siso and Burzycki found cut stump treatments with triclopyr to be 95% effective, though results were significantly different between sites, indicating that further study is needed.
References:
https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183615#null
http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ardisia_elliptica.htm
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108066
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ADAEL
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2647897
http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ardisia+elliptica&redir=Ardisia+squamulosa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardisia_elliptica
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.214.3722&rep=rep1&type=pdf
http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shoebutton%20Ardisia.html
https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ardisia_elliptica.htm
http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=52
https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=AREL4
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