What is Lily of the valley ?
Lily of the valley is a herbaceous perennial plant known for its delicate, bell-shaped white flowers and sweet fragrance. It is commonly found in the northern hemisphere and holds significant ornamental and pharmaceutical value. The plant is characterized by its clonal growth, often resulting in low genotypic diversity within isolated populations, which can impede sexual reproduction and long-term persistence. Despite its beauty, lily of the valley contains cardiac glycosides, making it toxic if ingested, as evidenced by cases of toxicosis in dogs. The plant’s essential oils are highly sought after in the perfumery industry, although replicating the exact fragrance of the living flowers remains a challenge. Additionally, lily of the valley has been studied for its genetic diversity and organogenic competence, highlighting its potential for further research in population genetics and breeding.
Traditional Medicinal Uses
Lily of the valley has a rich history in traditional medicine, particularly in European folk remedies. Historically, it was used to treat a variety of heart-related conditions due to its potent cardiac glycosides, which help strengthen heart contractions and regulate heartbeat. Medieval herbalists often prescribed lily of the valley for dropsy, a condition now known as edema, which involves fluid retention and swelling. Additionally, it was believed to have diuretic properties, aiding in the removal of excess fluid from the body. The plant was also used to alleviate symptoms of epilepsy and stroke, as well as to improve memory and cognitive function. Despite its toxic nature, when used correctly, lily of the valley was a staple in traditional medicine for its powerful therapeutic effects.
Use in Herbal Medicine
In modern herbal medicine, lily of the valley continues to be valued for its cardiovascular benefits. The plant contains cardiac glycosides such as convallatoxin, which are known to have a positive inotropic effect, meaning they increase the force of heart contractions. This makes it particularly useful in treating heart failure and certain types of arrhythmias. Herbalists often use tinctures and extracts of lily of the valley to support heart health, but it is crucial to administer these remedies under professional supervision due to the plant’s toxicity. Beyond its cardiac applications, lily of the valley is also used for its diuretic properties, helping to reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Its antispasmodic effects can provide relief from muscle cramps and spasms, making it a versatile addition to herbal medicine.
Common Ailments Treated Historically
Historically, lily of the valley was employed to treat a range of common ailments, particularly those related to the heart and circulatory system. One of its primary uses was in the treatment of heart failure and irregular heartbeat, leveraging its cardiac glycosides to improve heart function. It was also commonly used to address dropsy (edema), where its diuretic properties helped reduce fluid buildup in tissues. Additionally, lily of the valley was used to manage symptoms of epilepsy and stroke, believed to enhance cognitive function and provide neuroprotective benefits. Some traditional uses also included treating headaches and dizziness, likely due to its ability to improve circulation and oxygen delivery to the brain. Despite its potent effects, the use of lily of the valley required careful dosing to avoid toxicity, underscoring the need for knowledgeable application in historical medical practices.
Nutrients of Lily of the Valley
Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) is often celebrated for its enchanting beauty and fragrant blooms, but this delicate plant also boasts a remarkable nutritional profile that contributes to its medicinal prowess. Packed with a variety of potent compounds, lily of the valley offers a range of health benefits that have been recognized both in traditional medicine and modern scientific research. In this article, we will delve into the key nutrients found in lily of the valley, exploring how each one contributes to the plant’s overall therapeutic potential. From powerful glycosides to essential oils and flavonoids, discover the hidden nutritional gems that make lily of the valley a noteworthy addition to the world of medicinal plants.
Glycosides
Lily of the valley is rich in glycosides, particularly convallamarin and convallarin. Convallamarin has a diuretic effect, helping to eliminate excess fluid from the body, which can be beneficial for conditions like edema and hypertension. Convallarin, on the other hand, has a purgative action, aiding in the relief of constipation and promoting digestive health.
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are potent antioxidants found in lily of the valley. These compounds help protect cells from oxidative stress caused by free radicals, which can lead to chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. The antioxidant properties of flavonoids also support overall immune function and reduce inflammation.
Saponins
Saponins in lily of the valley contribute to its medicinal properties, including its diuretic and expectorant effects. These compounds help in the removal of excess fluids and mucus from the body, making them useful for respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis. Saponins also have antimicrobial properties, which can help in preventing infections.
Essential Oils
The essential oils in lily of the valley, particularly those rich in farnesol, provide a pleasant fragrance and have therapeutic benefits. These oils are often used in aromatherapy to alleviate stress, anxiety, and depression. They also have mild sedative properties, which can help improve sleep quality and promote relaxation.
Organic Acids
Lily of the valley contains several organic acids, including citric, malic, and caffeic acids. These acids play a role in the plant’s medicinal effects, such as improving digestion and enhancing the absorption of nutrients. They also have antioxidant properties, contributing to the overall health benefits of the plant.
Asparagine
Asparagine is an amino acid found in lily of the valley that has diuretic properties. It helps in the elimination of excess fluids and supports kidney function. Asparagine also plays a role in protein synthesis and the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Cardenolides
Cardenolides are a group of compounds in lily of the valley known for their strong cardiac effects. These compounds help strengthen heart contractions and regulate heartbeat, making them useful in treating heart conditions like heart failure and arrhythmias. However, due to their potency, they must be used under medical supervision to avoid toxicity
Types of Lily of the Valley
Based on the search results and additional information, here is a list of notable Lily of the Valley varieties with individual paragraphs for each:
1. Rosea
Rosea is a charming pink-flowering cultivar of Lily of the Valley. This variety stands out with its delicate pink blooms, offering a romantic alternative to the classic white flowers. The pink hue can vary in intensity from specimen to specimen, ranging from a soft blush to a more pronounced pink. Rosea adds a touch of color and elegance to shaded gardens and is particularly popular for its unique appearance while still maintaining the characteristic sweet fragrance of Lily of the Valley.
2. Albomarginata
Albomarginata is a striking variegated variety of Lily of the Valley, characterized by its distinctive white-edged leaves. This cultivar features dark green foliage with crisp white margins, creating an eye-catching contrast even when the plant is not in bloom. The white flowers of Albomarginata complement its variegated foliage beautifully, making it an attractive choice for adding visual interest to shaded areas of the garden throughout the growing season.
3. Grandiflora
Grandiflora, as its name suggests, is known for producing larger flowers compared to the standard Lily of the Valley. This variety boasts impressive blooms that are noticeably bigger than those of other cultivars, creating a more dramatic floral display. Grandiflora is particularly versatile in terms of light requirements, thriving in conditions ranging from full sun to full shade, which sets it apart from many other Lily of the Valley varieties that prefer shadier locations.
4. Prolificans
Prolificans is a double-flowering variety of Lily of the Valley that offers an abundance of blooms. This cultivar produces flowers with extra petals, resulting in a fuller, more luxuriant appearance. Prolificans is highly valued for its profuse flowering habit and is particularly hardy, making it an excellent choice for gardeners looking for a low-maintenance plant with a spectacular floral display.
5. Hardwick Hall
Hardwick Hall is a unique variegated variety of Lily of the Valley, named after the garden where it originated. This cultivar is distinguished by its leaves, which feature striking yellow stripes that add a bright, golden touch to shaded areas. In addition to its attractive foliage, Hardwick Hall is known for its exceptionally fragrant flowers, making it a popular choice for both its visual appeal and its delightful scent.
6. Fortin Giant
Fortin Giant is a tall variety of Lily of the Valley, reaching heights of up to 18 inches (46 cm). This cultivar is prized for its impressive stature, which makes it stand out among other Lily of the Valley plants. Fortin Giant produces larger leaves and flowers compared to standard varieties, creating a more dramatic presence in the garden. Its increased size makes it an excellent choice for background plantings or for areas where a bolder statement is desired.
7. Flore Pleno
Flore Pleno is another double-flowering variety of Lily of the Valley, known for its full, rose-like blooms. This cultivar produces flowers with multiple layers of petals, resulting in a lush, romantic appearance. Flore Pleno typically grows taller than standard varieties, often reaching about a foot (31 cm) in height. The combination of its double flowers and increased stature makes it a standout variety for gardeners looking to add a touch of luxury to their shade gardens.
Science backed health benefits of Lily of the valley
Lily of the valley, with its delicate white bells and sweet fragrance, is more than just a beautiful garden plant. This unassuming perennial harbors a treasure trove of medicinal properties that have been utilized for centuries and are now backed by modern scientific research. While it’s important to note that lily of the valley is toxic if ingested improperly, its carefully extracted compounds offer a range of health benefits when used under professional guidance. From supporting cardiovascular health to potentially aiding in neurological conditions, this powerful herb has captured the attention of both traditional herbalists and contemporary researchers. In this article, we’ll explore the science-backed health benefits of lily of the valley, shedding light on how this modest plant could play a significant role in modern medicine.
1. Regulate heart function
Lily of the valley contains potent cardiac glycosides, primarily convallatoxin, that can help regulate heart function when used carefully under medical supervision. These compounds have a positive inotropic effect, increasing the force of heart muscle contractions and improving cardiac output. They work by inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme, which leads to increased intracellular calcium and enhanced cardiac contractility. This action can help treat conditions like congestive heart failure, irregular heartbeats, and other cardiac disorders. Lily of the valley extracts have been shown to increase potassium levels in the atria and boost atrial stroke volume in animal studies. Additionally, while convallatoxin itself has vasoconstrictive properties, the combined effect of all cardiac glycosides and other constituents in lily of the valley may have a more balanced vasotonic action, potentially enhancing circulation and coronary blood flow.
What Research Says?
- Lily of the valley contains convallatoxin, a cardiac glycoside that can affect heart function similarly to digitalis, a well-known heart medication.
- Historical and recent research suggests that lily of the valley can be used as a substitute for digitalis in treating heart conditions, particularly for its cardiotonic effects.
- An accidental ingestion case showed that lily of the valley can cause significant heart rate changes, such as sinus bradycardia, indicating its potent effect on heart rhythm.
2. Treats diabetes mellitus
Currently, there is no scientific evidence to support the use of Lily of the Valley in treating diabetes mellitus. While Lily of the Valley is traditionally known for its cardiac benefits due to its potent glycosides, such as convallatoxin, there is no documented research or clinical trials that validate its efficacy in managing blood glucose levels or treating diabetes. The plant’s primary uses are related to heart conditions, including congestive heart failure and arrhythmias, as well as other ailments like urinary tract infections and respiratory issues. Given its toxic nature, any medicinal use of Lily of the Valley should be approached with caution and under professional supervision. Therefore, it is not recommended for diabetes treatment without further scientific validation.
What Research Says?
- Lily of the valley did not alter glucose homeostasis, food and fluid intake, body weight gain, plasma glucose, or insulin concentrations in normal mice. Additionally, it did not affect the development of hyperphagia, polydipsia, body weight loss, hyperglycemia, or hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
3. Have Antioxidant Properties
Antioxidants are crucial for neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage and contribute to chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular conditions. The flavonoids present in lily of the valley are particularly noteworthy for their ability to scavenge free radicals and enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms against oxidative damage. Additionally, the presence of saponins and other phytochemicals further bolsters the plant’s antioxidant capacity. By mitigating oxidative stress, lily of the valley may contribute to improved overall health and protection against various oxidative stress-related conditions, although more research is needed to fully understand and confirm these effects.
What Research Says?
- The antioxidant capacity of Lilium species is significantly associated with their phenolic and flavonoid content. Species like L. regale and L. henryi show the highest levels of these compounds and, consequently, the strongest antioxidant activities.
- The strong antioxidant properties of Lilium bulbs suggest their potential use as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries.
4. Treats inflammatory conditions
Lily of the valley has been traditionally used for its potential anti-inflammatory properties, although modern scientific evidence supporting this use is limited. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and saponins, which are known for their anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds can help reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating inflammatory pathways. Historically, lily of the valley has been used to alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and rheumatism. However, due to its high toxicity, the use of lily of the valley for treating inflammatory conditions should be approached with caution and under strict medical supervision to avoid adverse effects.
What Research Says?
- A steroidal glycoalkaloid isolated from Easter lily bulbs (LSGA) has been shown to promote the migration of dermal fibroblasts into wounded areas, which is crucial for wound healing. This compound also upregulates early inflammatory, cell growth, and remodeling genes, while selectively decreasing certain inflammatory and remodeling gene expressions, potentially leading to an earlier resolution of inflammation.
- A comprehensive review of southern African medicinal plants highlights the traditional use of numerous plant species, including those from the Lilium genus, for treating inflammation and pain-related ailments. Despite the extensive traditional use, there is a need for more scientific screening and validation of these plants’ anti-inflammatory properties.
Usage and Dosage
Lily of the valley is a potent medicinal plant that must be used with great caution due to its high toxicity. The plant contains cardiac glycosides, which can have powerful effects on the heart and other systems. Therefore, the dosage must be carefully controlled and typically requires professional supervision. In traditional medicine, very small amounts of the plant extract are used, often diluted to minimize the risk of adverse effects. Modern herbalists may recommend specific dosages based on standardized extracts, but self-medication is strongly discouraged due to the plant’s narrow therapeutic window and potential for toxicity.
Traditional Preparations
Traditionally, lily of the valley has been prepared in various forms to harness its medicinal properties. Historical uses include making infusions, decoctions, and tinctures from the plant’s leaves, flowers, and roots. These preparations were often used to treat heart conditions, such as arrhythmias and heart failure, as well as other ailments like dropsy (edema) and epilepsy. The plant was also used in poultices and compresses for its purported anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. Despite its traditional uses, the preparation and administration of lily of the valley required significant knowledge and caution to avoid toxic effects.
Teas and Tinctures
Teas and tinctures made from lily of the valley are among the most common traditional preparations. A tea is typically made by steeping a small amount of the dried plant material in hot water, while a tincture involves soaking the plant parts in alcohol to extract its active compounds. These preparations are used to deliver the therapeutic benefits of the plant, particularly for heart-related conditions. However, due to the plant’s toxicity, the dosage must be extremely precise, and such preparations should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider. Modern herbalists may prefer tinctures over teas for more accurate dosing.
Topical Applications
Topical applications of lily of the valley include the use of ointments, creams, and compresses made from the plant’s extracts. These are primarily used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, providing relief from conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, and muscle pain. The topical use of lily of the valley is considered safer than internal consumption, as it reduces the risk of systemic toxicity. However, even topical applications should be used cautiously, as the plant’s active compounds can still be absorbed through the skin. It is advisable to perform a patch test to check for any allergic reactions before widespread use.
Modern Usage
In modern herbal medicine, lily of the valley is primarily used for its cardiovascular benefits, particularly in treating heart failure and certain types of arrhythmias. The plant’s extracts are incorporated into various pharmaceutical preparations, including tablets and capsules, which are standardized to ensure consistent dosing. Modern usage also extends to homeopathic remedies, where highly diluted forms of the plant are used to treat a range of conditions. Despite its therapeutic potential, the use of lily of the valley in modern medicine is strictly regulated, and it is typically prescribed by healthcare professionals who can monitor its effects and adjust dosages as needed.
Standardized Extracts
Standardized extracts of lily of the valley are used to ensure a consistent and safe dosage of its active compounds, primarily the cardiac glycosides. These extracts are carefully measured to contain specific amounts of the active ingredients, reducing the risk of toxicity and allowing for more precise therapeutic use. Standardized extracts are commonly found in pharmaceutical preparations and are used under medical supervision to treat heart conditions. The standardization process involves rigorous quality control to ensure that each batch of extract has the same potency, which is crucial for the safe use of this powerful medicinal plant.
Safety and Dosage Guidelines
The safety and dosage guidelines for lily of the valley are stringent due to its high toxicity. It is crucial to use this plant only under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider. The therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose, making precise measurement essential. Symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and even life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, self-medication is highly discouraged. In clinical settings, dosages are carefully calculated based on standardized extracts, and patients are closely monitored for any adverse effects. Additionally, it is important to avoid using lily of the valley in conjunction with other cardiac medications without professional advice, as interactions can amplify its effects and increase the risk of toxicity.
Safety and Toxicity
Lily of the valley is known for its potent medicinal properties, but it also poses significant safety and toxicity concerns. The plant contains cardiac glycosides, which can be highly toxic if ingested inappropriately. These compounds can cause serious health issues, including life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Due to its narrow therapeutic window, the difference between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is very small. Therefore, the use of lily of the valley must be carefully controlled and monitored by healthcare professionals to avoid adverse effects.
Potential Risks
The potential risks associated with lily of the valley primarily stem from its high toxicity. Ingesting even small amounts of the plant can lead to severe poisoning, particularly in children and pets who may be more susceptible. The plant’s cardiac glycosides can cause a range of symptoms, from mild gastrointestinal distress to severe cardiac complications. Additionally, there is a risk of interaction with other medications, especially those affecting the heart, which can amplify the toxic effects. As a result, lily of the valley should be used with extreme caution and only under professional supervision.
Toxicity of Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac glycosides in lily of the valley, such as convallatoxin, are the primary source of its toxicity. These compounds inhibit the Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme, leading to increased intracellular calcium levels in heart cells, which enhances cardiac contractility. While this mechanism can be beneficial in treating certain heart conditions, it also poses a significant risk of toxicity. Overdose can result in severe bradycardia, arrhythmias, and even cardiac arrest. The high potency of these glycosides means that even small deviations from the recommended dose can lead to toxic effects, underscoring the importance of precise dosing and professional oversight.
Symptoms of Overdose and Poisoning
Symptoms of overdose and poisoning from lily of the valley can be severe and require immediate medical attention. Early signs include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. As the toxicity progresses, more serious symptoms can develop, such as confusion, dizziness, and visual disturbances. The most dangerous effects are related to the heart, including bradycardia (slow heart rate), tachycardia (fast heart rate), and various types of arrhythmias, which can be life-threatening. In extreme cases, poisoning can lead to cardiac arrest and death. Prompt recognition and treatment of these symptoms are crucial to prevent serious outcomes.
Safe Usage Guidelines
Safe usage of lily of the valley involves strict adherence to dosing guidelines and professional supervision. Due to its high toxicity, self-medication is strongly discouraged. Healthcare providers may use standardized extracts to ensure precise dosing and minimize the risk of toxicity. It is essential to start with the lowest effective dose and adjust gradually as needed, while closely monitoring for any adverse effects. Regular medical check-ups and possibly blood tests may be required to ensure safe use. Patients should also be educated on the signs of toxicity and instructed to seek immediate medical help if they experience any symptoms of overdose.
Recommended Dosages
Recommended dosages of lily of the valley are typically determined by healthcare professionals based on standardized extracts to ensure safety and efficacy. The exact dosage can vary depending on the specific condition being treated and the patient’s overall health. Generally, the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose, so precision is crucial. For this reason, lily of the valley is often administered in very small amounts, and adjustments are made based on the patient’s response and any side effects. It is vital to follow the prescribed dosage exactly and not to make any changes without consulting a healthcare provider.
Precautions and Contraindications
Precautions and contraindications for using lily of the valley are numerous due to its potent effects and high toxicity. It should not be used by individuals with known hypersensitivity to cardiac glycosides or those with certain heart conditions, such as severe bradycardia or advanced heart block, without close medical supervision. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using lily of the valley due to potential risks to the fetus or infant. Additionally, it should not be used in conjunction with other medications that affect heart function without professional guidance, as interactions can increase the risk of toxicity. Always consult a healthcare provider before using lily of the valley to ensure it is safe and appropriate for your specific health needs.
Conclusion
Lily of the valley is a remarkable plant that, while celebrated for its beauty and fragrance, also possesses significant medicinal properties. Historically utilized for various heart-related conditions due to its cardiac glycosides, it offers potential benefits in modern herbal medicine, particularly for heart failure and arrhythmias. However, its toxicity necessitates careful administration and professional supervision to avoid adverse effects. The plant’s diverse compounds, including flavonoids and saponins, contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, further enhancing its therapeutic profile. As research continues to uncover the complexities of lily of the valley, it remains a compelling subject for both traditional and contemporary medicine, emphasizing the need for cautious and informed use in healthcare practices.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Here are some notable US organizations that conduct research on ornamental plants:
1. Small Fruit and Ornamental Genetic Research – USDA ARS
This research unit aims to develop improved germplasm for ornamental plants and small fruit crops, focusing on genetic factors that regulate plant disease, growth characteristics, and environmental stress tolerance.
2. Hammond Research Station – LSU AgCenter
Established as the Fruit and Truck Experiment Station, the Hammond Research Station now focuses on landscape horticulture, including plant selection, fertility, weed control, and plant growth regulators. It evaluates more than 500 ornamental plants annually.
Recommendations for books on Lily of the valley
Here are some recommendations for books on “research on Lily of the valley”:
1. “The Genus Convallaria: A Botanical and Pharmacological Review” by Paul H. De Mayo
This book provides an in-depth review of the botanical and pharmacological aspects of the genus Convallaria, which includes Lily of the Valley.
2. “Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses” by Ivan A. Ross
This book includes a section on Lily of the Valley, detailing its chemical constituents and medicinal uses.
3. “Handbook of Medicinal Herbs” by James A. Duke
This comprehensive reference book contains information on the medicinal properties and research related to Lily of the Valley.
4. “The Plant Lover’s Guide to Spring Bulbs” by Kathy Brown
While not exclusively focused on Lily of the Valley, this book includes research and cultivation information about the plant among other spring bulbs.
FAQS
- What are the primary active compounds in Lily of the Valley?
Lily of the Valley contains several active compounds, including cardiac glycosides (convallatoxin, convallamarin, convallarin), flavonoids, saponins, citric acid, and malic acid. These compounds contribute to its medicinal properties, particularly its effects on the cardiovascular system.
- How does Lily of the Valley benefit cardiovascular health?
Lily of the Valley is known for its cardiac tonic properties. It helps improve heart function by increasing the force of heart contractions, making it useful in treating conditions like congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, and other heart-related issues. It is considered safer for elderly patients compared to digitalis.
- Can Lily of the Valley help regulate blood pressure?
Yes, the diuretic properties of Lily of the Valley help in dilating blood vessels, which can aid in controlling and managing blood pressure levels. The flavonoids in the plant stimulate the arteries, easing blood flow.
- Does Lily of the Valley have any cognitive benefits?
Lily of the Valley has been noted to improve cognitive function and memory. It is believed to have anti-aging properties that limit age-related cognitive decline and is used in treating conditions like epilepsy and memory loss.
- Is Lily of the Valley effective in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Yes, Lily of the Valley has been used to treat urinary tract infections due to its diuretic properties, which help in flushing out the urinary system and reducing infection.
- What are the skin benefits of Lily of the Valley?
Lily of the Valley is used in skincare for its astringent properties. It can help lighten skin tone, reduce scars, and treat burns and wounds without leaving marks. The flowers are often used to make tonics for optimal skincare.
- Can Lily of the Valley be used to treat respiratory conditions?
Yes, Lily of the Valley has been used to treat respiratory illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and emphysema. It helps ease chest pain caused by spasms of the coronary arteries.
- What are the potential side effects of using Lily of the Valley?
Lily of the Valley is highly toxic and can cause severe side effects if not used properly. These include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, mental confusion, hypotension, and even cardiac failure. It should only be used under medical supervision.
- Is Lily of the Valley safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women?
No, Lily of the Valley is not safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. It can cause adverse effects and should be avoided unless under strict medical supervision.
- How should Lily of the Valley be administered for medicinal purposes?
Lily of the Valley should be administered in carefully controlled doses, typically in the form of extracts, tinctures, or decoctions. Due to its high toxicity, it is crucial to follow medical guidance and not to self-medicate.
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