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Science backed health benefits of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum)

Goji berries, also known as Lycium barbarum, have been celebrated for their medicinal properties for over 2,000 years in traditional Chinese medicine. These small, vibrant red fruits are now gaining global recognition for their impressive health benefits, which are increasingly supported by modern scientific research. Rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, goji berries are touted for their ability to enhance eye health, boost the immune system, protect against cancer, and promote overall well-being. This article delves into the science-backed health benefits of goji berries, highlighting their potential as a powerful functional food.

What is Goji berry ?

Goji berry, also known as wolfberry, is a fruit that has gained significant attention for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Native to China, it is extensively cultivated in regions such as Qinghai and Ningxia due to its high tolerance to salt and drought conditions, making it suitable for arid and semi-arid environments. Goji berries are rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamins, which contribute to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These berries have been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat various ailments, and recent studies have highlighted their potential in modern healthcare, including their anti-cancer properties and benefits in managing oral and periodontal diseases. Additionally, goji berries have shown promise in improving general well-being by reducing tiredness and modulating adrenal steroid responses to stress. The fruit’s high content of zeaxanthin, a carotenoid beneficial for eye health, further underscores its nutritional value. Overall, goji berries are not only a functional food with diverse health benefits but also hold potential for various industrial applications in the food and nutraceutical sectors.

Nutritional Profile of Goji Berries

Goji berries are renowned for their rich nutritional profile, which includes a variety of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Below is a detailed breakdown of these components and their significance.

Vitamins and Minerals

Goji berries are packed with essential vitamins and minerals that contribute to their health benefits:

Antioxidants

Goji berries are rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body from oxidative stress and free radical damage:

Amino Acids and Proteins

Goji berries contain a variety of amino acids, including essential and non-essential ones:

Polysaccharides and Their Significance

Polysaccharides are one of the most significant bioactive compounds in goji berries:

Science-Backed Health Benefits of Goji Berry

1. Reduction in Tiredness and Improved Overall Health

Goji berries have been shown to significantly reduce tiredness and improve overall health through various mechanisms. Polysaccharides in goji berries (LBP) enhance antioxidant capacity, which helps mitigate oxidative stress and improve energy metabolism, thereby reducing fatigue. Additionally, goji berries have been found to modulate the adrenal steroid response to exercise, further alleviating feelings of tiredness. Regular consumption of goji berry juice has also been associated with increased vitality, improved mental clarity, and enhanced physical performance, contributing to a general sense of well-being. These benefits are supported by the berries’ rich nutritional profile, including vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that collectively promote better health and reduced fatigue.

What Research Says?

2. Improve vision and protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

These carotenoids are crucial for eye health as they filter harmful blue light and provide antioxidant protection to the retina. Regular consumption of goji berries increases macular pigment optical density (MPOD), which is a biomarker for AMD risk. Consuming 28 grams of goji berries five times a week for 90 days significantly increased MPOD in healthy middle-aged adults, suggesting enhanced protection against AMD. Additionally, goji berries have been shown to prevent hypopigmentation of the macula and reduce the accumulation of drusen, fatty protein deposits associated with AMD.

What Research Says?

3. Reduction in Abdominal Fat and Improved Lipid Profile

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People who consumed 14 grams of goji berries daily for 45 days demonstrated notable reductions in waist circumference and transaminase levels, alongside improvements in lipid profiles, including decreased triglycerides (TG) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. These effects are attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of goji berries, which enhance hepatic function and lipid metabolism. 

What Research Says?

4. Reduce Cancer Risk

Goji berry has demonstrated significant potential in reducing cancer risk through its rich composition of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory properties, which collectively contribute to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in various cancer types such as breast, liver, colon, prostate, and cervical cancers. Goji berry extracts can disrupt cancer cell cycles, enhance the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins like Bax, and reduce the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as BclxL, thereby promoting cancer cell death. Additionally, goji berries have been found to impede the migration and adhesion of cancer cells by inhibiting key signaling pathways like ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, which are crucial for cancer cell survival and metastasis.

What Research Says?

5. Reduces Blood Pressure

Goji berry has been shown to effectively reduce blood pressure, particularly in cases of salt-sensitive hypertension. Polysaccharides in goji berries can regulate blood pressure by modulating the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) sONE and enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, which improves vascular function and reduces hypertension. In a rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension, goji berry treatment significantly lowered systolic blood pressure and restored it to normal levels after a high-salt diet had induced hypertension. Regular consumption of goji berries can lead to improved blood lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular disease risk, further supporting their role in managing blood pressure.

What Research Says?

6. Improved immune response

Goji berries have been extensively studied for their potential to enhance immune response. These vibrant red fruits are rich in antioxidants, vitamins A and C, and polysaccharides, which are known to boost immune function. Goji berries can stimulate the production and activity of immune cells, such as T cells and cytokines, thereby enhancing the body’s defense mechanisms against pathogens. Daily consumption of goji berry juice significantly increased levels of immune cells and improved overall well-being. Additionally, goji berries have been found to modulate the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced immune system. 

What Research Says?

7. Regulates Blood Sugar

Goji berries are renowned for their vibrant red hue and rich nutrient profile, have demonstrated significant potential in regulating blood sugar levels. The primary active component, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), has been shown to enhance glucose metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity. LBP can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose levels, making it a promising adjunct in managing type 2 diabetes. Additionally, goji berries help balance insulin and glucose levels, which can prevent sharp spikes in blood sugar, a common issue for diabetics. The berries’ high fiber content also contributes to slower glucose absorption, further stabilizing blood sugar levels.

What Research Says?

8. Good for Heart health

Goji berries have shown promising potential in promoting heart health due to their rich nutrient profile. These vibrant berries are abundant in antioxidants, particularly carotenoids like zeaxanthin and betaine, which may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, two major contributors to cardiovascular diseases. Goji berry consumption can favorably impact lipid profiles by lowering triglyceride levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or “good” cholesterol. Incorporating goji berries into a healthy dietary pattern significantly improved HDL cholesterol levels and reduced the predicted long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults.

What Research Says?

9. Weight loss and appetite suppression

Goji berries have gained attention for their potential to aid in weight loss and appetite suppression. These nutrient-dense berries are low in calories but high in fiber, which can promote feelings of fullness and reduce overall calorie intake. Additionally, goji berries contain compounds like betaine and polysaccharides that may help regulate appetite hormones and glucose metabolism, thereby curbing cravings and preventing overeating. Supplementing with goji berry extract or juice can increase metabolic rate, reduce waist circumference, and improve lipid profiles in overweight individuals. Furthermore, the antioxidants present in goji berries may help combat oxidative stress and inflammation, which are linked to obesity and metabolic disorders. While more research is needed, incorporating goji berries into a balanced diet and active lifestyle could potentially support weight management goals.

What Research Says?

10. Mood improvement and anxiety reduction

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These compounds can modulate neurotransmitter activity and reduce oxidative stress, which are key factors in mood regulation and anxiety reduction. Goji berry consumption decreases anxiety and depression-like behaviors, potentially by enhancing the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin receptors in the hippocampus. Goji berry polysaccharides can alleviate depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression, likely due to their anti-inflammatory properties and ability to lower interleukin-17A levels. 

What Research Says?

How to Incorporate Goji Berries into Your Diet

Goji berries are a nutrient-dense superfood that can be easily incorporated into your diet in various forms. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to use fresh, dried, powdered, and juice forms of goji berries, along with simple recipes and tips on purchasing and storing them.

Different Forms of Goji Berries

Fresh Goji Berries:

Dried Goji Berries:

Goji Berry Powder:

Goji Berry Juice:

Potential Side Effects and Precautions of Goji Berries

Goji berries, while celebrated for their nutritional benefits, can also pose certain risks and side effects, particularly for individuals with specific allergies or those taking certain medications. Here’s a detailed look at the potential side effects, precautions, and recommended daily intake.

Possible Allergic Reactions

Goji berries can cause allergic reactions, especially in individuals who are allergic to certain proteins found in other foods. The allergenic potential of goji berries is likely due to cross-reactivity with lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) found in other foods such as peaches, tomatoes, and nuts.

Interaction with Medications

Goji berries can interact with several medications, potentially leading to adverse effects. The most notable interactions include:

Recommended Daily Intake and Moderation Tips

To enjoy the benefits of goji berries while minimizing potential risks, it is important to consume them in moderation and follow recommended guidelines:

General Precautions

Conclusion

Goji berries are a nutrient-dense superfood with a wide array of scientifically-backed health benefits. From reducing fatigue and improving overall well-being to protecting vision and mitigating age-related macular degeneration, these vibrant berries offer a multitude of advantages. They have also demonstrated potential in reducing abdominal fat, regulating blood sugar levels, and lowering cancer risk through their rich composition of bioactive compounds. Additionally, goji berries have been found to improve immune response, promote heart health, aid in weight management, and enhance mood while reducing anxiety. While moderation and caution are advised for individuals with specific allergies or those taking certain medications, incorporating goji berries into a balanced diet can be a valuable addition for optimizing overall health and well-being.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Here are some US organizations involved in research on berries and fruits, along with their descriptions and URLs:

1. NutritionFacts.org: This organization focuses on providing the latest research on fruit and nutrition, highlighting the health benefits of consuming berries and other fruits. Their extensive database includes video updates, blog posts, and comprehensive studies on the nutritional impact of various fruits.

2. Western Agricultural Research Center (WARC) – Montana State University: WARC focuses on researching cold-hardy fruits and developing berry-based products. They aim to determine which fruits are productive and profitable in Montana’s climate and work to increase the supply and demand for locally-grown fruits.

3. Small Fruits Program – North Carolina State University: Led by Dr. Gina Fernandez, this program focuses on breeding and developing new cultivars of strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries. The program also evaluates the post-harvest qualities and bioactive compounds in these fruits.

4. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station: This station has a rich heritage in fruit breeding, focusing on adaptability to Arkansas’ climate. Their research includes breeding and management practices for various berries and fruits like blackberries and grapes.

Recommendations for books on Goji Berries

Here are some recommended books on research related to Goji berries, including their health benefits and applications:

1. Miracle Fruit from a Medical Perspective: Goji Berry (Lycium spp.) – This book provides a comprehensive look at the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, and clinical relevance of Goji berries. It includes studies on the optimization of polysaccharides and their antioxidant activity, as well as the metabolic profiling of Goji berry extracts.

2. The Secrets of Goji Berry: Your Guide to 50 Questions – This guide addresses common questions about Goji berries, including their health benefits, potential interactions with other supplements, and proper storage methods. It also provides insights into the taste and culinary uses of Goji berries.

FAQS

  1. What are the primary health benefits of goji berries?
    Goji berries are known for their high antioxidant content, which can help protect against oxidative stress, support immune function, improve eye health, and promote skin health. They also have potential benefits for stabilizing blood sugar, enhancing mood and sleep, and preventing liver damage.
  2. How do goji berries support eye health?
    Goji berries are rich in antioxidants like zeaxanthin, which help protect the eyes from damage caused by UV light, free radicals, and oxidative stress. Studies have shown that consuming goji berries can increase antioxidant levels in the eyes and protect against age-related macular degeneration.
  3. Can goji berries boost the immune system?
    Yes, goji berries contain high levels of vitamins A and C, which are known to boost immune function. They also have polysaccharides that enhance the body’s ability to fight off infections and reduce inflammation.
  4. Are goji berries effective in cancer prevention?
    Goji berries have high levels of antioxidants, including vitamin C, zeaxanthin, and carotenoids, which can help fight cancer cells by slowing tumor growth, reducing inflammation, and aiding in the removal of harmful substances from the body.
  5. How do goji berries benefit skin health?
    Goji berries contain beta-carotene, which is known for its ability to promote healthy skin. Beta-carotene helps improve skin health, reduce skin irritation, manage the effects of sun exposure, and combat aging.
  6. Can goji berries help regulate blood sugar levels?
    Yes, goji berries may help regulate the release of sugar into the bloodstream, making them beneficial for managing blood sugar levels. They have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and balance glucose levels.
  7. Do goji berries improve mood and sleep quality?
    Research indicates that goji berries can improve mood and sleep quality. Studies have shown that consuming goji berry juice can enhance energy, focus, mental acuity, calmness, and contentment, as well as improve sleep quality.
  8. What are the potential side effects of consuming goji berries?
    While goji berries are generally safe for most people, they may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners (e.g., warfarin) and diabetes drugs. They may also cause allergic reactions in some individuals. It is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before adding goji berries to your diet.
  9. How much goji berry should I consume daily?
    The typical recommended dosage of goji berries is 15 to 30 grams per day. Lower doses of 6 to 18 grams daily may be used as part of combination herbal products. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage for your needs.
  10. Are there any specific populations that should avoid goji berries?
    Pregnant women should exercise caution when consuming goji berries due to the presence of betaine, which may harm fetal health. Additionally, individuals taking medications for diabetes, high blood pressure, or blood thinners should consult their healthcare provider before consuming goji berries.

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