Health benefits of Patchouli

Plant Description

Patchouli is an aromatic, erect, upright, much-branched, bushy, herbaceous perennial plant that normally grows about 2 to 3 feet (60 to 90 cm) tall and can spread to a similar width. The plant is found growing in tropical rainforests, forest clearings, cultivated gardens, plantations, hilly and upland areas, riverbanks, agricultural fields, roadsides and container gardening. It prefers well-draining soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH level. A loamy or sandy soil with good organic matter content is also considered ideal. Patchouli is cultivated for its fragrant leaves, which are used to extract essential oil.

Patchouli gained popularity in the Western world during the 19th century when it was used to scent imported fabrics from the East. It became a symbol of luxury and exoticism. It was often used in incense and essential oils and became a symbol of peace, love, and freedom. Its scent is known for its longevity. It is believed to have properties that attract positive energy and prosperity. It tends to linger on the skin and in fabrics for a long time, which is one reason it is often used as a fixative in perfumes.

Appropriate growing environment for Patchouli

Patchouli is a fragrant herb that is commonly used in perfumes, essential oils, and traditional medicine. To cultivate patchouli successfully, you need to create a suitable growing environment. Here are the key factors to consider:

• Climate: Patchouli grows best in warm, tropical or subtropical places. It comes from Southeast Asia and likes it warm, between 21°C and 32°C (70°F to 90°F). This plant doesn’t like being cold and can’t handle frost. Keep it away from cold drafts and places where it might freeze.
• Sunlight: Patchouli grows best when it gets a lot of sun. It grows best in some to full sun. It should get at least 4 to 6 hours of direct sunshine every day.
• Soil: Patchouli grows best in dirt that drains well and has a pH level between 6.5 and 7.5, which is slightly acidic to neutral. The best soil is one that is sandy or loamy and has a lot of organic matter in it.
• Watering: Patchouli needs to be watered often so that the soil stays wet but not soaked. If you feel that the top inch of earth is dry, water deeply. But don’t water too much, because that can cause root rot.
• Humidity: Patchouli likes it when there is a lot of humidity, which is like its natural tropical climate. Try to get the humidity to at least 50%. If you’re growing patchouli inside, you could use a fan or put a tray of water next to the plant to make it more humid.
• Fertilization: To help patchouli grow, use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in the spring and summer. Don’t fertilize too much, because too many nutrients can make the plant smell bad.
• Pruning: Cut back your patchouli plant often to keep its shape and encourage bushier growth. Cutting back trees also helps the leaves make more oil, which is often used for its scent.
• Container Growing (for cold climates): You can cultivate patchouli in containers that can be transferred indoors throughout the winter if you reside in a harsher climate. Ensure that the container has drainage openings and utilize a potting mix that drains well.
• Pests and Diseases: Observe for parasites such as mealy bugs, aphids, and spider mites. Promptly address infestations by employing insecticidal detergents or neem oil.
• Propagation: Propagation of patchouli is possible via stem cuttings. Root 4-6 inch (10-15 cm) cuttings obtained from robust plants in potting mix that has adequate drainage.

Roots

Primary roots are comparatively robust and substantial, thereby imparting stability to the plant. Secondary roots, which extend horizontally through the soil, are alternatively referred to as lateral roots or feeder roots. They originate from the primary roots. Their primary function is to investigate a more extensive region of soil, thereby optimizing the plant’s accessibility to vital nutrients and water. Secondary roots are typically more numerous and finer than primary roots, forming a vast network in the soil.

Both primary and secondary roots are enveloped in minuscule hair-like structures referred to as root hairs. Root filaments substantially augment the available surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients. The presence of these structures is critical for the effective absorption of soil minerals and water. Root nodules may occasionally develop in patchouli plants when the roots establish a symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The microbes that transform atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can utilize for growth are contained within these nodules.

Stem

Patchouli, classified as an herbaceous plant, possesses a flexible, non-woody stem devoid of the capacity to support itself in the manner of a tree or shrub. Throughout its life cycle, the stem is generally herbaceous, flexible, and green in color. The plant develops vertical tendrils that branch out as it reaches maturity. The internodes are discrete segments that comprise the stem. Internodes refer to the interstices that separate the origins of leaves and branches. Although internode lengths can differ, they typically diminish in length with the maturation of the stem.

Vascular bundles are located within the stem and are responsible for delivering carbohydrates, water, and nutrients throughout the plant. These filaments are composed of xylem, which ships minerals and water, and phloem, which transports sugar. Typically, the stem is herbaceous, silky, and green in color. Unlike woody plants, it lacks a veneer or woody outer layer. Essential oils, which are present in the stem as well as in other plant parts, are responsible for imparting the unique fragrance of patchouli. The aromatic fragrance of the stem is released upon crushing or bruising.

Bark

The outermost layer of bark that is characteristic of organic plants is absent from patchouli stems. The protective layer known as bark is composed of various tissues, such as phloem, cork cambium, and cork cells. The function of these tissues is to safeguard the plant against physical harm, pathogens, and environmental pressures. Patchouli does not contain a discernible bark layer.

Leaves

The arrangement of the leaves on the stem of patchouli is asymmetrical, meaning that each leaf is situated directly opposite another leaf at the node, thereby establishing a leaf pair at each stem node. Typical leaf shapes range from lanceolate to ovate. These organisms are distinguished by their elongated, slightly pointed shape and tapering base. While variations exist, leaves are typically between 4 and 8 centimeters (1.5 and 3 inches) in width and 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) in length. Generally, the leaf margin or edge is serrated or toothed, consisting of small, irregularly spaced teeth. This margin imparts a distinctive appearance to the foliage. Lower surface leaves are typically lighter in color and may have fine filaments or a slight textured appearance; the former is dark green and smooth.

The vein system is conspicuous on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The veins are tasked with the distribution of carbohydrates, nutrients, and water across the leaf. Many aromatic herbs are distinguished by their leaves possessing a relatively dense and slightly leathery texture. The added thickness enhances their overall durability. The unique fragrance exhibited by leaves is attributable to the location of specialized aromatic glands on the leaf surface. The essential oils that impart the distinctive fragrance of patchouli are contained within these glands. The stem receives each leaf through a leaf petiole, which is a slender limb. At the node, the petiole joins the leaf blade to the stem. Although leaf color can vary due to factors such as environmental conditions and the maturity of the plant, dark green is the typical hue of the leaves.

Flower

Clusters or spires of patchouli flowers constitute a variety of inflorescence. The diameter of flowers is approximately 2 to 3 millimeters (0.08 to 0.12 inches). They lack the ornamental qualities of numerous other flowering plants. Although patchouli flowers can be any shade of color, they are typically delicate pink, lavender, or white in hue. Frequently suffused with pink or purple, the petals have an understated and delicate appearance. Patchouli flowers consist of multiple discrete components. Green sepals are composed of a diminutive, five-lobed arrangement. In general, five petals comprise the corolla, which is a tubular, bell-shaped structure found on flowers. Certain varieties of patchouli might contain a mere two stamens. The pistil serves as the reproductive structure of the female blossom. It is situated at the apex of the corolla and is composed of the stigma, a style, and a solitary ovary. Ovules are located in the ovary; upon fertilization, they transform into seeds.

Although patchouli leaves are renowned for their robust and discernible fragrance, patchouli flowers typically possess a comparatively weaker scent. While the flowers do emit a delicate, confectionery fragrance, it is comparatively subdued in comparison to the leaf aroma.

Fruits

Patchouli nutlets are typically measured at a length of not more than 0.4 inches (1 centimeter). Frequently, their length is a few millimeters. Typically oblong or cylindrical in form, nutlets bear a resemblance to minuscule capsules or seeds. Typically, mature nutlets range in color from brown to dark brown to black. The pigmentation may differ based on the developmental stage. An individual seed is contained within each nutlet. The seed is enclosed by the fruit wall and is comparatively diminutive in size.

Seeds

Patchouli seeds are ordinarily quite diminutive, with a length of some millimeters. Although they can differ in hue, mature patchouli seeds are typically dark brown to black. Frequently, seeds have an elongated, slightly curved, or cylindrical morphology. Every individual patchouli seed is fortified with a seed coat or seed coat layer for protection. The seed coat provides some resistance to external elements and serves to secure the embryo within. Within the seed coat resides a minuscule, embryonic plant that, given optimal conditions, is capable of developing into a new patchouli plant. The structures and genetic information essential for germination and development are contained within the embryo.

Varieties of Patchouli

Patchouli is a fragrant herb known for its distinctive scent and has been widely used in perfumes, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. There are several varieties of patchouli, each with its unique characteristics and aroma profiles. Here are some of the most well-known varieties:

• Dark Patchouli: This is the most prevalent and universally acknowledged patchouli variety. It emits a strong, earthy, and mildly fragrant scent. Frequently, dark patchouli oil is aged to intensify its aroma after being extracted from the leaves. This substance finds widespread application in fragrance mixtures, incense, and perfumes.
• Light Patchouli: Light patchouli is a variant of the dark variety that is more delicate and less potent. It has an aroma that is lighter, sweeter, and more floral. In aromatherapy, light patchouli oil is frequently favored due to its more delicate fragrance.
• Indonesian Patchouli: Indonesia is a prominent manufacturer of patchouli oil, and its patchouli is renowned for its harmonious fragrance, which fuses earthy, woody, and subtly fruity undertones. It is frequently incorporated into essential oil mixtures and perfumes.
• Indian Patchouli: Patchouli, which originates in India, is renowned for its opulent and earthy aroma complemented by subtle smokiness undertones. It is utilized as an insect repellent and in traditional medicine, in addition to being a component of perfumes.
• Singapore Patchouli: This variant is frequently regarded as a premium patchouli due to its potent, woody, and sweet aroma. It is incorporated into luxury fragrances and exquisite perfumery.
• Vintage Patchouli: Vintage patchouli oil is characterized by its mellowed and more robust aroma that has developed with the passage of time. It is in high demand due to its refined and complex aroma.
• Green Patchouli: In contrast to matured varieties, green patchouli oil is extracted from young, fresh patchouli leaves and has a more herbaceous and verdant scent. It is uncommon, but its distinct allure appeals to those who prefer a more refined patchouli aroma.
• Coorg Patchouli: The Coorg region of India is the birthplace of the Coorg patchouli variety. It is renowned for its unique fragrance, which blends elements of mint and flavor with an earthy quality.

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Health benefits of Patchouli

Patchouli is a versatile herb that has been traditionally used for its various health benefits. Here are some of the health benefits of Patchouli in detail:

1. Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Alpha-bulnesene and alpha-guaiene are two compounds found in patchouli essential oil that are known for their potent anti-inflammatory properties. Consequently, it exhibits efficacy in mitigating inflammation and edema, particularly in ailments such as gout and arthritis. A diluted solution of patchouli oil applied topically may alleviate the pain and distress caused by these conditions.

2. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Benefits

Patchouli oil possesses antimicrobial characteristics that aid in the elimination of a wide range of pathogens, such as fungi and bacteria. It can be administered topically to cuts and wounds to prevent infection. In addition, ringworm and athlete’s foot are examples of fungal infections that may be treated with it.

3. Skin Health

Patchouli finds extensive application in hygiene products owing to its rejuvenating and health-improving properties. As it aids in the regulation of oil production, it is appropriate for oily and dehydrated skin types. In addition to reducing scarring and promoting wound healing, patchouli oil can ameliorate skin conditions such as dermatitis, acne, and eczema. Additionally, its astringent properties aid in skin tightening and diminish the appearance of fine lines and creases.

4. Stress Reduction and Mood Enhancement

The aroma of patchouli essential oil is renowned for its emotional and mental grounding and tranquil properties. Aromatherapy utilizing this substance may promote a reduction in anxiety, depression, and tension. Patchouli aromas possess the ability to elevate mood and induce relaxation when inhaled.

5. Aphrodisiac Effects

Patchouli has historically been linked to notions of allure and sensuality. Certain cultures regard its fragrant, exotic aroma as an aphrodisiac. Incense, fragrances, and scented oils frequently contain it to heighten sensations of desire and closeness.

6. Digestive Aid

Patchouli oil has the potential to encourage appetite and aid digestion. Utilizing a diffuser or inhaling the fragrance of patchouli prior to meals may stimulate the appetite. It is also capable of alleviating digestive distress and nausea.

7. Respiratory Health

By inhaling the aroma of patchouli oil, respiratory issues may be alleviated. By functioning as an expectorant and decongestant, it can assist in alleviating symptoms related to coughs, colds, and congestion. Nasal passages may be helped by adding a few droplets of patchouli oil to a bowl of hot water and inhaling the resulting steam.

8. Blood Circulation

When administered topically, patchouli oil is thought to increase blood flow. Enhanced circulatory function can contribute to the preservation of cardiac well-being and mitigate the likelihood of developing ailments such as hypertension.

9. Pain Relief

Because of its analgesic properties, patchouli oil is effective at alleviating pain. It provides relief for migraines, joint pain, and sore muscles. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of this substance may alleviate pain.

10. Wound Healing

Due to its regenerative and antimicrobial attributes, patchouli oil facilitates the recovery from burns, scrapes, and wounds. It prevents the growth of infections and facilitates tissue regeneration.

11. Insect Repellent

Patchouli oil’s potent, earthy fragrance functions as an inherent insect deterrent. It can be utilized in diffusers and candles, among other applications, to ward off insects such as mosquitoes.

12. Improved Sleep

Patchouli essential oil’s sedative and tranquilizing properties may contribute to improved sleep quality. Before bed, diffusing the oil in your bedroom or applying a few droplets to your pillowcase may assist in promoting sleep improvement and relaxation.

13. Hormone Regulation

Patchouli oil is purported to possess hormone-balancing properties. Certain traditional medicine practitioners employ it to mitigate menstrual and menopausal symptoms, including but not limited to mood fluctuations and hot flashes.

14. Anti-Anxiety and Anti-Depressant

The soothing aroma of patchouli has been associated with a reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression. Positive emotions and feelings of contentment are linked to specific neurotransmitters, including serotonin, which may be stimulated by inhaling the odor.

15. Hair Care

Patchouli oil is occasionally incorporated into shampoos and conditioners on account of its purported hair health advantages. It could potentially fortify hair follicles, stimulate hair growth, and aid in the management of dandruff and oily scalp disorders.

16. Support for Emotional Healing

Aromatherapy practices associate patchouli with emotional restoration and personal development. By encouraging emotional stability and introspection, it can be utilized to assist those confronted with trauma, mourning, or emotional wounds.

Culinary Uses of Patchouli

Patchouli is not commonly used as a culinary herb in Western cuisine, and it is generally not recommended for ingestion in significant quantities due to its strong, earthy flavor and potential toxicity when consumed in large amounts. However, in some traditional cuisines, especially in Southeast Asia, patchouli leaves have been used in limited culinary applications for their unique taste and aroma. Here are a few examples of how patchouli is used in culinary traditions:

• Flavoring Agent: Patchouli leaves are sporadically employed as a flavoring agent in specific dishes within South Asian cuisines, including Indonesian and Malaysian. Their robust, earthy flavor is utilized sparingly, as it has the potential to overpower a dish. Patchouli leaves have the potential to impart a nuanced aromatic quality to rice dishes, stews, and soups.
• Herbal Tea: Utilize patchouli leaves in the preparation of herbal beverages. The flavor of these teas is renowned for being earthy and subtly fragrant. However, patchouli tea is a flavor that requires practice and may not appeal to all individuals.
• Aromatic Ingredient: Some traditional desserts and treats may incorporate patchouli leaves as an organic aromatic component. By enveloping ingredients such as rice or glutinous rice, these fragrant substances can be introduced into the dish.
• Flavoring Rice and Grains: As a flavoring for cereals and rice, patchouli leaves are utilized in some Southeast Asian dishes. By incorporating a limited quantity of either fresh or desiccated leaves into the cooking water, a delicate earthy scent is imparted to the rice. This is particularly prevalent in Malaysian rice dishes such as nasi ulam.
• Wrapping Foods: Patchouli leaves are utilized to encase specific types of sustenance. In the context of Indonesian gastronomy, for instance, they are occasionally employed to encase lemper (rice cakes stuffed with meat or fish) prior to grilling or simmering. The leaves bestow upon the bundled food a distinctive flavor.
• Herbal Infusions: As an herb, patchouli leaves may be incorporated into infusions or beverages. Some individuals appreciate brewing a soothing and aromatic botanical tea by steeping patchouli leaves in hot water, although this is not a common practice. It is critical to utilize a restricted quantity of patchouli leaves due to the potent nature of their flavor.
• Aromatizing Liquors: Patchouli leaves have been utilized to impart flavor to alcoholic beverages, including handmade liqueurs and spirits, in certain cultural contexts. Alcohol is used to marinate the leaves in order to impart their aromatic properties.
• Seasoning Sauces: Specific condiments and sauces may be fortified with patchouli leaves in order to impart their distinctive flavor. This occurs more frequently in regional and traditional cuisines, where patchouli is cultivated locally and is highly regarded.
• Desserts: Dessert recipes may contain patchouli leaves on extremely rare occasions. While not commonly employed, they may be utilized to impart a distinctive flavor to specific confections.

Different Uses of Patchouli

Patchouli is a versatile plant known for its distinct aroma and various uses. Here are different uses of patchouli:

• Perfumery: Patchouli is widely recognized for its significant application within the perfume and fragrance sector. It is frequently incorporated into colognes and fragrances as a base note due to its earthy, musky, and profound aroma. Its ability to stabilize and improve the scent of additional fragrance constituents renders it a valuable component in a great number of luxury perfumes.
• Aromatherapy: Aromatherapy makes use of patchouli essential oil due to its mood-enhancing, grounding, and tranquil qualities. Its aroma is beneficial for reducing anxiety, depression, and tension. To promote relaxation, it is frequently diffused, added to massage oils, or incorporated into bath products.
• Skincare: Skincare products contain patchouli essential oil on account of its antiseptic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory properties. It promotes overall skin health, aids in the reduction of acne, and helps to tighten and tone the skin. Constantly present in soaps, lotions, and cosmetics is patchouli oil.
• Hair Care: Patchouli oil is a component of certain hair care products on account of its purported advantages for the hair and scalp. It promotes a healthy scalp, prevents dermatitis, and fortifies hair.
• Insect Repellent: Patchouli’s potent and discernible aroma renders it an efficacious organic insect repellent. It can be employed in diffusers, sprays, candles, or sprays to repel insects such as mosquitoes.
• Incense and Potpourri: The foliage and oil of patchouli are frequently incorporated into potpourri and incense. The fragrance of this substance is linked to notions of tranquility and spirituality across diverse cultures.
• Candles and Scented Products: To establish a cozy and welcoming ambiance, scented candles, room mists, and other household fragrance items frequently incorporate the aroma of patchouli.
• Textiles and Crafts: Sachets, crafts, and fabrics have been fragranced with patchouli oil and foliage. They have the ability to impart a distinct and enduring scent to a wide range of textile and ornamental objects.
• Emotional and Spiritual Uses: Certain spiritual and alternative therapeutic practices posit that patchouli possesses attributes that foster self-assurance, affection, and allure. It is occasionally incorporated into spiritual products such as fragrances, incense, and baths, or utilized in rituals.
• Natural Cleaning: Natural cleaning products may contain patchouli essential oil on account of its antimicrobial properties. In addition to disinfecting surfaces, it emits a pleasing, earthy odor.
• Sachets and Potpourri: Sabaytes containing dried patchouli leaves or patchouli-scented potpourri are frequently employed in linen closets, drawers, and closets containing stored clothing to ward off moths, refresh linens, and impart a pleasant fragrance.
• Tobacco Additive: Throughout history, patchouli leaves have been employed as a flavoring and fragrance enhancement agent in tobacco products, including hand-rolled cigarettes and pipe tobacco.
• Rituals and Spiritual Practices: Patchouli is intimately connected to a multitude of spiritual and ceremonial observances. In rituals, ceremonies, and spells, it is occasionally employed to bestow protection, affection, and prosperity. Patchouli is rumored by some to have the capacity to heighten spiritual connection and consciousness.
• Natural Deodorant: Patchouli can function as a natural deodorant when applied as a body fragrance or incorporated into homemade deodorant formulations due to its potent and enduring fragrance. Its fragrance can effectively conceal body odors.
• Natural Air Freshener: When combined with water, patchouli essential oil can be used to create a natural air freshener aerosol for automobiles, residences, and rooms. It has the ability to eradicate unpleasant odors and produce a pleasant environment.
• Stress Balls and Crafts: Patchouli oil is occasionally incorporated into tension balls and various craft materials, including fabric and clay. Touching or squeezing these objects may induce the release of patchouli fragrance, which has a tranquil effect.
• Scented Jewelry: Certain jewelry items, including bracelets and necklaces, include miniature compartments that can accommodate a patchouli oil-infused fabric or clay fragment. By donning these perfumed jewelry items, individuals are granted the ability to perpetually emit the fragrance of patchouli.
• Floral Arrangements: A distinctive and aromatic component can be introduced to floral arrangements and bouquets by integrating patchouli leaves or the fragrance of patchouli oil.
• Natural Cleaning Products: By adding patchouli essential oil to homemade detergents and cleaning solutions, one can impart a delightful fragrance and promote a clean, fresh environment.
• Crafting and DIY Projects: Craftspeople and do-it-yourselfers frequently incorporate desiccated patchouli leaves or patchouli essential oil into an extensive variety of creations, such as bath bombs, candles, and soaps.
• Holistic and Alternative Therapies: Patchouli may be utilized in energy healing, aromatherapy massage, reflexology, and other holistic and alternative therapies to promote equilibrium, relaxation, and well-being.
• Tattoo Aftercare: Patchouli essential oil is incorporated by certain individuals into their tattoo maintenance regimens. It can provide a pleasing scent and soothe and hydrate the skin around the tattoo when diluted.

Side effects of Patchouli

Patchouli is generally considered safe for external use in moderate amounts when used properly. However, there are some potential side effects and precautions to be aware of:

• Skin Irritation: Patchouli essential oil that has not been diluted is potentially abrasive to the skin and may induce allergic reactions, irritation, or erythema in some individuals. Prior to application to the epidermis, patchouli oil must be diluted with an appropriate carrier oil (coconut oil, jojoba oil, for instance). Before utilizing the substance more exhaustively, conduct a patch test on a small area of skin to identify any potential adverse reactions.
• Photosensitivity: Following topical application of patchouli oil, certain individuals might develop an elevated solar sensitivity (photosensitivity). This may result in discoloration or sunburn when exposed to UV radiation. It is recommended to refrain from using tanning booths or direct sunlight for a number of hours following the application of patchouli oil to the skin.
• Pregnancy and Nursing: Pregnant and lactating women ought to exercise caution when using patchouli oil. Although it is generally accepted as safe for external application during pregnancy, research on its safety during this time period is limited. It is advisable to seek guidance from a healthcare professional prior to utilizing patchouli oil while pregnant or lactating.
• Children and Pets: Prevent children and pets from gaining access to patchouli oil and products containing patchouli, as ingestion or excessive exposure may result in adverse health effects. Safe storage of essential oils is vital.
• Allergic Reactions: A few people may develop an allergy to patchouli, which could manifest as pruritus, pruritus, or additional allergic manifestations. Individuals with a documented allergy to other Lamiaceae species (e.g., basil or mint) may have an increased susceptibility to developing an allergy to patchouli.
• Gastrointestinal Distress: Patchouli leaves or oil may, under exceptional circumstances, induce gastrointestinal distress such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Significant amounts of this substance are not advised for oral consumption.
• Drug Interactions: Particular drugs may interact negatively with patchouli oil. Before using patchouli products for medicinal purposes, it is advisable to seek guidance from a healthcare professional or pharmacist if you are currently taking medications or have any pre-existing health conditions.
• Avoid Eye Contact: It is unhealthy for patchouli oil to come into direct contact with the eyes. If this occurs unintentionally, rinse the eyes vigorously with water and consult a physician if the irritation continues.
• Respiratory Sensitivity: There are some who may be allergic reactions to the vapor of patchouli oil. Cease use and seek fresh air if you develop respiratory irritation, wheezing, or difficulty breathing.

References:

https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506020#null

https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.119120

https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/POTCA

https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/266279

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:454827-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patchouli

https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Pogostemon+cablin

https://plants.usda.gov/home/classification/46290

https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257757

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