Hydroxyproline is a hydroxylated form of imino acid proline. It is abbreviated as Hyp. It is a nonessential amino acid derivative composed during post-translational protein modification through hydroxylation of the amino acid proline by prolyl hydroxylase which is an enzyme requiring vitamin C as a co-factor. It is a major component of protein collagen. It has a key role in stability of collagen triple helix. It is used as an indicator for determining amount of collagen. Increase in levels of hydroxyproline in urine and serum are normally related with degradation of connective tissues. The deficiency of Vitamin C decreases conversion…
Author: Emily
Ethyl Alcohol (ethanol) C25OH is found in alcoholic drinks. It has chemical formula as C2H5OH. It is formed by fermentation of glucose in plants. Sugars in apples and grapes are fermented to create wine and cider. Barley starch is hydrolysed to glucose in beer production. Cereals and other fruits are used to form alcoholic drinks e.g. rye for whisky and rice for sake. Alcohol is diluted to form the appropriate alcohol content of drinks. According to the law, drink labels must show the strength of alcohol present which is shown as the percentage alcohol by volume (abv). Ethanol is a…
Mead acid is an omega-9 fatty acid which was first characterized by James F. Mead. With some other omega-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids, animals can produce Mead acid de novo. Its inflated presence in the blood is an indication of deficiency of essential fatty acid. This acid is found in cartilage in large quantities. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_acid http://www.tuscany-diet.net/lipids/list-of-fatty-acids/mead/
Gondoic Acid is a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid having 20-carbon backbone and the sole double bond which originates from the 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th 12th or 15th positions from the methyl end. Long chain fatty acids are fatty acids having aliphatic tail which contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Practically it is insoluble in water and a weakly acidic compound which is based on its pKa. This monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid is found in various plant oils and nuts. It is found in red cell membrane with upsurge concentrations in children with regressive autism. It is a conjugate…
Elaidic acid is an organic compound having CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7CO2H formula. It is being categorized as an unsaturated trans fatty acid. This acid is a colorless oily solid. This compound has attracted attention as it is a major trans-fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and trans fats which are implicated in heart ailments. It is a trans isomer of oleic acid. In 1819, Elaidic acid was first discovered by Poutet J.J.E. In 1832, Boudet F. studied Poutet’s work accurately and isolated fatty acid which was named as acide elaidique derived from Greek word elais referring olive. Till 1952, elaidic acid was known…
Paullinic acid is an omega-7 fatty acid present in various plant sources which includes guarana (Paullinia cupana) from which it get its name. It is one of a number of eicosenoic acids. Food Sources Food name Weight (g) Paullinic acid (g) Herring fish 140 5.107 Macadamia nuts 132 2.541 Sablefish 85 1.547 Pine nuts 135 1.081 Red (sockeye) salmon 108 0.929 Coleslaw 120 0.878 Kielbasa 370 0.825 Beechnuts 28.35 0.782 Peanuts 146 0.764 Margarine 232 0.422 Black walnuts 125 0.340 Pecans 110 0.292 Peanut spread 31 0.286 Cashew 129 0.193 Mozzarella cheese 228 0.187 Chicken fat 12.8 0.141 Pistachio 123…
Vaccenic acid also called (11E)-octadec-11-enoic acid, is a trans-fatty acid occurring naturally found in the fat of ruminants and in dairy products such as butter, milk and yogurt. It is a monounsaturated fatty acid and a member of sub group called long chain fatty acids. It is a predominant fatty acid which comprises of trans fat in human milk. Its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 trans-11. The name was derived from the Latin word vacca which means cow. In 1928, vaccenic acid was discovered in butter and animal fats. It is a main trans fatty acid isomer found in milk…
Palmitoleic acid is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid with CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH formula which is a common constituent of glycerides of human adipose tissue. It is found in all tissues but generally found in liver in higher concentrations in the liver. It is biosynthesized from Palmitic acid by activity of enzyme Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. This acid could be abbreviated as 16:1∆9. Its dietary sources include breast milk, vegetable oils, animal fats and marine oils. Sea buckthorn oil and Macadamia oil are botanical sources having high concentrations which contain 19% to 29% and 17% of Palmitoleic acid respectively. It consists of 13.55% of fats…
Docosatetraenoic acid entitles any straight chain 22:4 fatty acid. One isomer is of specific interest: all-cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid having common name adrenic acid. It is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid which is formed through a 2-carbon chain elongation of Arachidonic acid. It is the most generous fatty acids in early human brain. This unsaturated fatty acid is metabolized by cells to biologically active products namely dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, dihomoprostaglandins, and dihomo-EETs. It is a member of class of compounds which is known as very long chain fatty acids. Very long chain fatty acids are fatty…
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid is a 20-carbon ω−6 fatty acid which is named 20:3 (ω−6). It is a carboxylic acid having a 20-carbon chain and 3 cis double bonds. The first double bond is situated at the sixth carbon from omega end. It is an elongation product of γ-linolenic acid. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid is made in the body by elongation of GLA, by efficient enzyme which do not appear to suffer any form of dietary inhibition. Being an uncommon fatty acid, DGLA is found only in trace amounts in animal products. Food Sources Food name Weight (g) Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (g) Kielbasa 370 0.115…