Health Benefits

Health benefits of Jungle Rice

Jungle rice scientifically known as Echinochloa colona is a kind of annual weed belonging to Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae (Grass family) which produce tiny yellowish white grains. The plant is native to Tropical Asia – Himalaya to West Malaysia. It is cultivated as a fodder grass and cereal in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, western United States and Canada and in China- Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Sichuan, Yunnan and Taiwan. The grain looks like rice but it is smaller. And the fact that it grows at waste areas, roadsides, or even jungle instead of farm field, makes it well known as jungle rice. Sometimes, it also grows in between paddy field. Few of the popular common names of the plant are billion-dollar Grass, Cockspur Grass, Indian Barnyard Millet, Japanese Millet, Japanese Barnyard Millet, Sanwa Millet, Sawa Millet, Shama Millet, Siberian Millet, White Millet, White Panic, White Panicum, awnless barnyard grass, barnyard grass, bird’s rice, corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle rice, jungle ricegrass, jungle-rice, junglerice, Kalahari watergrass, marsh grass, millet-rice, pigeon millet, river grass, short millet and swamp grass.

Jungle rice was formerly classified as a species of Panicum. It is the wild ancestor of the cultivated cereal crop Echinochloa frumentacea, sawa millet. Some taxonomists treat the two taxa as one species, in which case the domesticated forms may also be referred to as E. colona. Not only filling, the consumption of jungle rice enables us to have the health benefits of jungle rice. About the taste, it tastes good with many kinds of side dishes, just like the common rice. In India, people consume jungle rice during the fasting month and in religious ceremony.  The plant is considered an invasive weed in the Americas and Australia. In Australia, it has spread to wetlands, and is threatening the habitat of swamp tea trees.

Jungle Rice Facts

Jungle rice Quick Facts
Name: Jungle rice
Scientific Name: Echinochloa colona
Origin Tropical Asia – Himalaya to West Malaysia
Shapes Caryopsis about 1.3- 2 mm long
Health benefits Improve heart health, Boost immune system, Maintain healthy digestion, Lose weight, Good for diabetic, Energizing
Name Jungle Rice
Scientific Name Echinochloa colona
Native Tropical Asia – Himalaya to West Malaysia. It is cultivated as a fodder grass and cereal in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, western United States and Canada and in China- Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Sichuan, Yunnan and Taiwan
Common Names Billion-Dollar Grass, Cockspur Grass, Indian Barnyard Millet, Japanese Millet, Japanese Barnyard Millet, Sanwa Millet, Sawa Millet, Shama Millet, Siberian Millet, White Millet, White Panic, White Panicum, awnless barnyard grass, barnyard grass, bird’s rice, corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle rice, jungle ricegrass, jungle-rice, junglerice, Kalahari watergrass, marsh grass, millet-rice, pigeon millet, river grass, short millet, swamp grass, swampgrass
Name in Other Languages Afrikaans: Watergras
Arabic :  Abu rokba, Abu rukbah, Bashaft, Difra, Diffré
Argentina: Arroz Silvestre, capím, grama pintado, pasto Colorado
Assamese: Binoi-bon
Australia: Awnless barnyard grass
Bangladesh: Alighasha, khudhey shayma, shymaghas
Barbados: Junglerice
Bontoc: Tumi
Brazil: Capim da colonia, capim-arroz, capim-arroz, capim-colônia, capim-coloninho, capim-jaú, capituva, jervâo
Burmese: Myet thi, Pa  zun sa myet
Catalan: Cerreig, Mill, Panissola, Pota de gall menuda, Serreig roig, Serret
Chamorro: Chaguan-agaga
Chad: Diffré
Chile: Hualcacho
Chinese:  Guang tou bai ( 光头稗), Guang tou bai zi,  Can cao,  Wang bai,  Wang ji, Hu Nan Bai Zi, Hu Nan Ji Zi
Colombia: Liendre de puerco; paja de apto
Cuba: Armilán, buche de guanajo, grama pintada, pico de paloma
Czech: Ježatka osadní
Danish:  Spinkel hanespore, Bleg Hanespore, Japanhirse
Dominican Republic: Barba de indio, grama, pata de cotorra, pata de guanaj, tito blanco
Dutch: Zuidelijke hanepoot, Japanse Gierst, Europese hanenpoot
Egypt: Abu rokba
English: Jungle ricegrass, Jungle-rice, Millet-rice, Corn panic-grass, Deccan grass, Southern cockspur, Awnless barnyard grass, shama millet, wild millet,  bird’s rice, marsh grass, swamp grass, barnyard millet, corn panic grass, jungle rice, little baryard grass, pigeon millet, short millet, swampgrass, Kalahari watergrass, millet rice
Estonian: Söödav Kukehirss
Fiji: Junglerice
Finnish:  Kukonhirssi, Japaninhirssi, tipunhirssi
French: Blé du Dekkan, Pied de coq méridional, herbe de Greslan, herbe de riz, herbe sifflette, Echinochloé des cultures, Millet Japonais, Pied De Coq Cultivé, oplismène des cultures, panic colonisateur, panic des cultivateurs, panic pied-de-coq
German: Dekkangras, Schamahirse, Südliche Hühnerhirse, Kleine Hühnerhirse, Kolonisten-Hühnerhirse, Japanhirse, Japanische Hirse, Schamahirse, Sawahirse, Weizenhirse, Colona-Hühnerhirse
Gujarati: Samo (સામો), Moriyo
Hebrew:  Dochaneet hashaleen, dachenit hashalchin, דָּחְנִית הַשַּׁלְחִין
Hindi: Jangli jhangora, Shama (शामा),  śyāmāk (श्यामाक ), जंगली चावल (jangalee chaaval),  borur, hama, homa, jangli sawak, janguli, jiria, junglerice, karum-pul, kavada, kudiravali, otha gaddi, pacushama, pakud, samo, sanwa,  sarwak, sawa, sawank, shama millet, shamak, sharma, soma, swanter, tan, todia, tor, zari
Hungarian: Sáma-köles
Ilocano: Dakkayang
Indonesia: Jajagoan leutik, padi burung, rumput bebek, rumput jajagoan kecil, rumput kusa-kusa, tuton, watoeton
Iloko: Dukayang
Iraq: Dahnan
Israel: Dochaneet hashaleen
Italian: Panico porporino, Giavone meridionale, Miglio Giapponese
Jamaica: Junglerice
Japanese: Ko hime bie (コヒメビ エ), Wase bie (ワセビエ), indobie, Hie
Javanese: Suket tuton
Kannada:  Kaadu haaraka, Kaadu haaraka hull
Laotian: Khauz nôk, nya khao nôk
Lebanon: Junglerice
Malay: Padi burong, Padi burong, Rumput kekusa , Rumput kusa-kusa, Rumput bébék, Rumput kekuasa kecil, Tuton, Watuton
Malaysia: Junglerice, padi burung, rumput kekusa, rumput kekusa kecil, rumput kusa-kusa, tuton
Malayalam: Kavada
Marathi:  Borur, Jiria, Pacushama, Sawank,  śyāmāka (श्यामाक )
Mauritius: Herbe de riz, herbe sifflette
Mexico: Arrocillo, arroz del monte, zacate pinto
Myanmar: Myet-thi, pazun-sa-myet, wan-be-sa-myet
Nepali:  Saamaa (सामा), Saamaa ghans
Netherlands: Zuidelijke hanepoot
Nicaragua: Pato de conejo
Palauan: Uaum
Peru: Champa
Philippines: Bulang, dakayang, dakayon, dukayang, dukdukayang, guinga, gutad, la-u la-u, mangagaw, pulang-puwit, pulang-pwet, tiriguhan, tumi
Portuguese: Capim-arroz, Capim da colonia, Capim-colônia, Capim-coloninho, Capim-jaú, Jervâo, capituva, milhã-listrada, milhã-pé-de-galo, angolinho-branco, inco-do-arroz
Puerto Rico: Arrocillo, arroz de monte, grama pintada
Punjabi:  Samāka (ਸਮਾਕ ), Samāki (ਸਮਾਕੀ), Savāk, Savāṅka (ਸਵਾਂਕ)  Savãk, Sānvaka (ਸਾਂਵਕ)  Sãvak , Suãnka (ਸੁਆਂਕ), Sā’uṅka (ਸਾਉਂਕ) Sa’uṅka  (ਸਉਂਕ)
Russian: Kurinoe proso (Куриное просо), Ežovnik Chlebnyj, yezhovnik krest’yanskiy (ежовник крестьянский), yezhovnik piramidal’nyy (ежовник пирамидальный)
Palauan: Uaum
Samoan: Sefa
South Africa: Junglerice, watergras
Spanish: Arrocillo, Grama pintado, Hualcacho, Liendre de puerco, Paja de apto, Pata de gallina, Pasto colorado, Pasto del arroz, Pierna de gallo meridonal, armilán, camalote, champa, grama de verano, pata de conejo, zacate de agua, zacate pinto, zancaraña, Mijo Japonés, capim arroz, paja de arroz, pata de gallo, grama pintada, gramilla de rastrojo, pasto overito, mata bravo
Sri Lanka: Adipul, gira-tana
Sudan: Difra, junglerice
Sundanese: Jajagoan leutik
Swedish: Kycklinghirs, Amerikansk Hönshirs, Blek Hönshirs
Tagalog: Pulang puwit
Tamil:  Cāmai (சாமை), Pullam payiṟu (புல்லம் பயிறு)
Telegu:  Cāma (చామ), Othagaddi
Thai:  H̄ỵ̂ā pl̂xng (หญ้าปล้อง)  Yaa bplong,  H̄ỵ̂ā nkk̄heā (หญ้านกเขา)  Yaa nok khao, Ya nok sichom phu, ya plong; yaa khaao nok; yaa nok si chomphu, H̄ỵ̂ā k̄ĥāwnk (หญ้าข้าวนก)
Tongan: Matala‘ulie, muhuku‘apopoa
Trinidad and Tobago: Junglerice
Turkish: Tavshéan out, cinek
Uruguay: Capim, gramilla de rastrojo
USA: Junglerice
Vietnamese:  Co long vuc, Cỏ Kê, Cỏ Núc, Cỏ Lồng Vực Hạt
Visayan: Guinga
Welsh: Cibogwellty trofannau
Zambia: Lupungu, zibaila
Plant Growth Habit Clump-forming, annual (rarely perennial) grass
Growing Climates Swampy places, near marshes, around water pipes, rice fields, roadsides, river banks, shores of ponds, the inner edges of mangrove swamps, old clearings, waste places, cultivated fields, ditches, gardens, disturbed sites, waterways, waste grounds, flooded grasslands, edges of saline waterholes, irrigated fields
Soil Predominant on damp, fertile, heavy-textured soils in areas which are seasonally rather than permanently flooded. It is often cultivated on marginal lands where rice and other crops will not grow well
Plant Size 1–1.2 m
Root Fibrous root
Culms Glabrous, cylindrical, erect and decumbent. They are red purple at their base and can root at the lower nodes
Stem Stem is flattened, often red purple at the base, usually swollen at the nodes
Leaf Leaf sheath is smooth, margins free in upper part and basal portion of sheath is often tinged with red. Leaf blade is smooth, flat, linear lanceolate, flaccid, up to 25 cm long, 3 7 mm wide, sometimes transverse purple bands.
Flowering season July to September
Flower Inflorescence is green to purple, 6-12 cm long and bears 4-8 short racemes on the main axis. The sessile awnless spikelets are arranged in 4 rows on one side of the racemes
Fruit Shape & Size Caryopsis about 1.3- 2 mm long
Propagation By Seed
Season August to October
Health Benefits
  • Improve heart health
  • Boost immune system
  • Maintain healthy digestion
  • Lose weight
  • Good for diabetic
  • Energizing

Plant Description

Jungle rice is a clump-forming, annual (rarely perennial) grass that normally grows about 1–1.2 m tall. The plant is found growing in swampy places, near marshes, around water pipes, rice fields, roadsides, river banks, shores of ponds, the inner edges of mangrove swamps, old clearings, waste places, cultivated fields, ditches, gardens, disturbed sites, waterways, waste grounds, flooded grasslands, edges of saline waterholes and irrigated fields. The plant is predominant on damp, fertile, heavy-textured soils in areas which are seasonally rather than permanently flooded. It is often cultivated on marginal lands where rice and other crops will not grow well.  The plant has shallow fibrous root.  Culms are stout, usually reddish-purple, erect, ascending or decumbent, often branching from the base, often rooting at the lower nodes, 20-60 cm tall, sometimes nodes conspicuously swollen and usually geniculate, compressed, lower inter nodes often exposed.

Leaves

Leaf sheaths are smooth and glabrous and leaf is linear, soft, 15–40 cm long and 1–2.5 cm wide, glabrous, with wavy margins and without ligules. Panicles is 15–20 cm long, erect to slightly drooping at maturity.

Inflorescence

Inflorescence is a terminal panicle with widely spaced, appressed or spreading branches of spike-like racemes, branches single or occasionally paired at the nodes. These primary branches unbranched, panicle mostly 0.03-0.15 m  long,  branches  0.01-0.02  (hardly  0.03  m)  long; axis  and branches  glabrousor  with  some  hairs.  Spikelets are sub sessile, paired, and densely arranged from branch base along one side of the flattened rach is in 2-4 rows.

Spikelets 

Spikelets have one terminal perfect floret with a sterile floret below, with two glumes.  Spikelets  are 0.00254  m  long and 0.001-0.0015  m  wide, ovate  to  elliptic,  awnless  but  sharp-pointed,  weakly hispid-scabrous on the veins; sub sessile; disarticulating below the glumes. First glume is acute, thick, triangular, 0.001-0.0015 m  long,  about  half  as  long  as  spikelet,  3-5  veined;  second glume  and  sterile lemma  equal,  acute to  acuminate, usually hispid-scabrous  to  glabrate,  faintly  veined,  veins  weakly hispid-scabrous; sterile lemma 5-veined. Fertile lemma is plano convex, elliptic, smooth and shiny, abruptly sharp-pointed or cuspidate, margins in rolled below over palea with the apex of palea not enclosed. Palea is flat, surface texture similar to fertile lemma. Caryopsis is 0.0018 m long, elliptic and acute.

History

Its native habitat is unknown and is believed to be in Asia – Himalaya to West Malaysia. It is considered to be a cultivated derivative of Echinochloa colona that arose in India and perhaps Africa. It is cultivated as a fodder grass and cereal in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, western United States and Canada and in China- Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Sichuan, Yunnan and Taiwan.

Health Benefits of Jungle Rice

As mentioned above, we can have the health benefits of jungle rice by regularly consume this tiny grained rice. Just like the common Benefits of Seeds and Grains for overall health, here are some health benefits we can get from consuming jungle rice.

1. Improve heart health

Dietary fiber in jungle rice is also good to improve the health of the heart. It is possible since the healthy food with high fiber content is able to cut off the bad cholesterol in the blood. As we know, cholesterol is strongly linked with the health of heart. This way, the consumption of jungle rice is able to reduce the risk of heart diseases, such as coronary heart.

2. Boost immune system

Samo or jungle rice consists of a good amount of vitamin C. the existence of vitamin A, C, and fiber as the antioxidants in jungle rice is able to prevent many diseases development. The antioxidants are able to combat the attack from free radicals and help eliminating unwanted material in the body.

3. Maintain healthy digestion

Not only the excellent in controlling weight, the dietary fiber in jungle rice is beneficial for the whole digestive system. This digestible food is able to maintain bowel movement, so that it is potential to prevent constipation. In addition, the minerals such selenium and manganese is able to protect the gastro intestinal lining by form a shield, so that it is not easily infected.

4. Good for diabetic

Although jungle rice consists of good amount of carbohydrate, it is proved to be low in sugar content. It makes jungle rice or samo is very good for people with diabetes. It is possible since diabetic should consume foods with low glycemic index. This way, diabetic is able to avoid spike up blood sugar by replacing white rice with jungle rice. In addition, they don’t have to worry about the taste, as the jungle rice is able to be combined with their usual favorite side dishes for rice and the most important thing, it is equally filling.

5. Lose weight

High level of dietary fiber in jungle rice enables you to feel full a little longer after eat this rice. This way, you can prevent cravings and manage your food intake. It is very suitable for you who are in weight loss diet program. Jungle rice will do amazing thing to your weight.

6. Energizing

We can consider jungle rice as one of the healthy and beneficial staple foods for some reasons. One of the reasons is that it has balanced carbohydrate, protein, and fat. It is just as suggested by the healthy Ayurveda food. The perfect composition of carbohydrate, protein, and fats as the main sources of energy is able to provide us with energy.

In spite of the energy content in jungle rice, it yet still feels light in the digestive tract. The benefits can also be obtained from regular rice with a super food Quinoa, which own the Health Benefits of Rice and Quinoa.

Traditional uses and benefits of Jungle Rice

Culinary Uses

Jungle rice pudding for fast

Ingredients

Directions

  1. Clean and wash the Jungle rice. Soak them in the water for 5 minutes. Remove the water and leave the Jungle rice on the strainer.
  2. Blance, and thinly slice the pistachio, and almonds.
  3. Remove the green skin of the cardamoms and grind the seeds in the mortar.
  4. In a sauce pan/wok heat the ghee. Now fry rice for a minute in the ghee on medium heat.
  5. Add milk in the rice and boil it on medium heat. After the first boil reduce the heat and cook until rice is completely cooked. It takes about 10 minutes to cook the rice. Keep stirring the mixture.
  6. Add sliced almonds, and sugar. Mix well and cook for a couple of minutes. Turn off the heat.
  7. Jungle rice kheer is ready. Let it cool.
  8. Garnish with ground cardamoms and slivered pistachio and serve.

Jungle rice Chakli

Ingredients

Directions

  1. Wash the Jungle rice and soak them in water for 2 hours. After this drain the water and grind them bit coarsely in a mixture grinder without adding water. If required, add 1 or 2 tsp. water.
  2. Place the pan over flame; add rice paste and 1 tsp. oil to it. Roast for 1 to 2 minute on medium flame. Stir constantly to roast the paste. Thicken the paste until it gets consistency same as that of dough.
  3. Take out dough in a bowl and allow it to cool. Now add cumin seeds, sesame seeds, rock salt, peppercorns and knead the dough until smooth and soft. Dough for making chakli is ready.

Making Chakli

  1. Make a lump from dough and roll lengthwise. Now place this dough ball into the chakli machine (cookie press). Close the machine.
  2. Take a thick polythene sheet and place it over kitchen top.
  3. Press the machine and make round chaklis over the polythene sheet. Make 7 to 8 chaklis over the polythene sheet.

Frying Chaklis

  1. Take oil in a wok and heat. The oil should be medium hot. Lift up the chakli from polythene sheet very gently so that its shape remains intact.
  2. Place the chakli in hot oil. Fry the chaklis on medium-high flame. Place as many chaklis as possible in the oil and fry until they turn golden brown in color from all sides.
  3. Take them out in plate with absorbent paper. Likewise prepare all chaklis.
  4. Chakli for fasts is ready. When chakli cools, place them in air tight container and relish eating whenever you want for up to a month.

Other facts

References:

https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=40670#null

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/echinochloa_colona.htm

https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=316659

https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+colona

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/20368

http://www.floracatalana.net/echinochloa-colona-l-link

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ECCO2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinochloa_colona

https://www.feedipedia.org/node/452

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-410176

https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/echinochloa_colona.htm

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/item/echinochloa-colona

https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Echinochloa_colona_(PROSEA)

https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ECHCO

http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Echinochloa+colona

https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Jungle%20Rice.html

https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/229599

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