Tumors in the pituitary gland are uncommon and typically benign. However, they can exert pressure on the optic nerves, leading to vision problems.
The origins of pituitary tumors remain unclear. One specific kind, known as an endocrine inactive tumor, results in the damage of certain cells in the pituitary gland that produce hormones. Consequently, there’s a shortfall in hormone production, which can manifest in symptoms like fatigue, decreased appetite, indications of an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), and either a halt in menstrual cycles or diminished sperm output.
Tumors in the pituitary gland can sometimes trigger an overproduction of certain hormones. Those originating in the anterior lobe can lead to various health conditions. For instance, an excess of growth hormone can result in gigantism or acromegaly. Too much thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) can prompt hyperthyroidism, while an abundance of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) can give rise to Cushing’s disease. Elevated prolactin levels can lead to galactorrhoea (unusual milk production), amenorrhoea (missed menstrual cycles), and fertility issues in women. In men, this can manifest as impotence, fertility problems, feminization, and also galactorrhoea. Tumors impacting the posterior pituitary might interfere with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, causing diabetes insipidus.
As tumors grow in size, the increased pressure can lead to headaches, impaired cranial nerve function, and vision abnormalities.
To diagnose the condition, doctors typically use blood tests to assess hormone levels, X-rays, MRI scans of the pituitary gland, and frequently, tests for vision.
Treatment options might include surgery to remove the tumor, radiotherapy, hormone replacement, or a blend of these approaches. The medication bromocriptine can also be administered, as it has the ability to decrease the production of specific hormones and reduce the size of some tumors.