Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

The science dealing with calculi.  

A device for holding a stone during its removal.  

A type of lithopedion in which only the membranes are calcified.  

Calcification of both the fetus and the membranes of a lithopedion.  

Incision of the bladder to remove a kidney stone.  

The crushing of a stone into fragments that may pass through natural channels.  

Forceps for breaking up large stones.  

The removal of crushed fragments of kidney stones from the bladder. The removal of crushed stone fragments from the bladder.  

The surgical removal of a calculus.  

The removal of a kidney stone from the bladder through the dilated urethra,