The taxonomic monikers assigned to extant (and extinct) beings are genuinely cosmopolitan labels and the traditions controlling their shape, publication, culling and implementation are regulated by universal systems of nomenclature. Names of plant pathogens are subject to four independent worldwide regulations. The scientific appellations of vegetation (including mycota) are directed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (latest edition, 1972); those of bacteria and viruses by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria and Viruses (1958), in tome constitution; and those of fauna by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1961). Additionally, the names prescribed to varieties (cultivars) of farming and horticultural flora are controlled by the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (1969).