A condition in which a person attempts to establish and maintain contact with another by adopting a helpless, powerless stance.
A condition created by exposure to inescapable aversive events retards or prevents learning in subsequent situations in which escape or avoidance is possible.
A passive fatalistic behavior that one cannot influence one’s environment, or alter one’s existence. This condition may sometimes arise in persons who have chronic illnesses, depression, phobias, or loss of functional independence.
A passive state analogous to depressed states in which one’s efforts are perceived as not affecting outcomes.