Teeth exhibit natural variations in coloration, varying from person to person, with secondary teeth generally appearing darker than primary teeth. Moreover, teeth tend to darken with the passage of time. Nonetheless, the term “discolored teeth” pertains to teeth that display abnormal or stained coloration.
Extrinsic stains, which manifest on the surface of the tooth, are quite common. They can be easily eliminated through polishing and can be prevented by regular tooth cleaning. Smoking tobacco results in the deposition of a brownish-black substance on the teeth. Pigment-producing bacteria may leave a visible line, often green in color, along the teeth, particularly noticeable in children. Certain food dyes can cause yellowing of the teeth, while dark brown spots may indicate areas of thinned enamel that have been stained by food. Certain bacteria produce an orange-red stain. Stains may also develop as a result of using medications containing metallic salts.
Intrinsic stains, which exist within the substance of the tooth, are considered permanent; however, they can be diminished through bleaching procedures. Causes of intrinsic stains include pulp death within the tooth or the extraction of the pulp during root canal therapy. The antibiotic medication tetracycline, if administered to children during tooth development, can be absorbed and lead to yellowing of the teeth.
Excessive consumption of fluoride during the development of tooth enamel can result in the mottling of enamel, a condition known as fluorosis (refer to fluorosis for further information). In cases where infants experience hepatitis (a liver disease), discoloration of the primary teeth may occur. Similarly, children born with congenital malformation of the bile ducts may also exhibit tooth discoloration.
Numerous stains can be concealed or reduced by utilizing whitening toothpastes or through cosmetic dental treatments like bonding and bleaching.