Category: O

Constriction of the esophagus, which can lead to discomfort, challenges in swallowing, regurgitation of food, and weight loss. Oesophageal stricture can stem from various sources, including esophageal cancer or a range of noncancerous factors. These encompass persistent reflux oesophagitis, where ongoing irritation due to stomach acid leads to inflammation and subsequent scar tissue formation, resulting…

A method used to generate speech following the surgical removal of the larynx (voicebox). Air is confined within the esophagus and is progressively released while the tongue, palate, and lips shape discernible sounds.  

Inconsistent muscle contractions within the esophagus lead to sporadic challenges in swallowing, accompanied by discomfort in the chest or upper abdomen. These spasms might stem from reflux esophagitis but frequently occur without a discernible cause. Women tend to experience this condition more often than men. A barium swallow and endoscopy can be employed to exclude…

A pouch-like bulge that develops in a section of the esophageal wall. There are two primary types: a pharyngeal pouch (also referred to as Zenker’s or pulsion diverticulum) and a mid-esophageal diverticulum (also known as a traction diverticulum). This variant is situated at the uppermost part of the esophagus, where it connects to the pharynx…

A technique used to widen the constricted oesophagus due to disease, facilitating easier swallowing. Endoscopy is employed to identify the blockage’s location. Subsequently, the constricted segment is expanded either by passing bougies (cylindrical rods with rounded tips) through the esophagus or by utilizing a balloon catheter (a slender tube featuring an inflatable balloon at its…

A rare congenital anomaly wherein the esophagus divides into two distinct segments during the developmental phase in the womb. This condition entails the absence of a short segment of the esophagus, with the upper part terminating in a pouch, and the lower part might culminate blindly or project upwards from the stomach. In most instances,…

Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue that affects the pituitary gland, is administered through injections. Its primary application lies in treating acromegaly (an uncommon condition causing disproportionate growth of specific body parts) and intestinal tumors that secrete hormones. Additionally, octreotide is utilized to avert complications after pancreatic surgery. Potential adverse effects of octreotide might encompass diverse gastrointestinal…

Sicknesses, conditions, or injuries arising from contact with chemicals or dust, or stemming from physical, psychological, or biological elements encountered in a work environment. Severe occupational ailments are less frequent nowadays compared to the past, yet remain a significant category of health issues. They encompass the subsequent primary classifications. The expression “pneumoconiosis” is employed to…

This group of medications is referred to as antidiabetic drugs, and they are employed to lower the blood glucose levels in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral hypoglycemic medications exhibit diverse mechanisms of action. Sulphonylurea drugs work by boosting the body’s insulin production. Metformin enhances glucose uptake and utilization by body tissues, effectively…

Forceps are surgical tools utilized during challenging labor and birth to assist in delivering the baby’s head. Obstetric forceps come in a variety of styles, but fundamentally they comprise two blades designed to encompass the baby’s head.