Category: A

The composition, whether identified or not in terms of its chemical structure, has the ability to diminish the development of fungal spores in aqueous solutions or the rate of growth of fungal hyphae at an EC 50 value of 100 μg/ml or less. Typically, complete suppression of fungal growth is achieved at a concentration below…

One could identify either one of two hosts that can harbor a heteroecious pathogen such as rust, or a heteroecious pest such as an aphid. In the event that several or numerous plant species serve as hosts for a particular pathogen, they may be referred to as alternative hosts.  

J. E. van der Plank proposed that strains of a pathogen that exhibit varying levels of harmful effects but do not display distinct interactions with different host varieties should be classified as differing in aggressiveness, while strains that do display varying interactions with host varieties should be categorized as differing in virulence.

The smallest increment of time that a vector must spend on a source of virus to acquire an infectious amount of the viral particles.  

In the realm of transmission tests, there exists a period of time during which a vector consumes a source of viral material. It is important to note that this period of time is not interchangeable with the acquisition access time.  

In transmission tests, the act of a vector feeding on a virus source is a critical component to observe. This process involves the ingestion of viral particles by the vector and subsequent transmission to a host. The complexity of this mechanism lies in the intricate relationship between the vector and the virus, as well as…

The duration for which a test vector is provided access to a virus source during transmission tests is referred to as “test access time”. It should be noted that the vector may not necessarily be feeding during this period or throughout the entire testing process. As such, this term should not be confused with “acquisition…

In order to enhance the mechanical transmission of a plant virus, it is common practice to introduce fine particles of materials like charcoal, carborundum, or diatomaceous earth, known as “celite,” into the inoculum or sprinkle them onto leaves prior to inoculation. A dental product employed for the purpose of polishing and cleaning the teeth is…

A form of therapy that entails submerging one’s torso into heated water while engaging in water-based exercises with the aid of a therapist’s manipulation.  

Cranial osteopathy is the practice of utilizing manual techniques to manipulate the bones of the skull and cranial sutures with the aim of treating various medical conditions associated with the central nervous system, such as the brain and spinal cord. This approach is grounded in the belief that the manipulation of the cranial bones can…