Category: A

Analgesics are medications utilized to alleviate pain. The two primary categories of analgesics are nonopioid and opioid. Nonopioid analgesics are effective in managing mild to moderate pain. Examples include paracetamol, commonly used for headaches and toothaches, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen, which help alleviate mild pain and stiffness associated with…

Analeptic drugs, which were once employed to stimulate breathing, have become infrequently used with the advent of ventilation techniques. Ventilation has replaced the need for such drugs in most cases.  

Anal dilatation is a medical procedure that involves the gentle stretching of the anus. This technique is employed to address conditions characterized by excessive tightness of the anus, such as anal stenosis and anal fissure. Additionally, it is utilized in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Typically, anal dilatation is performed while the patient is under general…

To alleviate pain during dental procedures, a patient may experience the induction of a state of insensitivity. This is commonly achieved by applying topical anesthetics, such as a lidocaine (lignocaine) cream or spray, to the surface of the gums before administering a local anesthetic via injection. In the case of minor procedures, the administration of…

Ophthalmologists employ an ophthalmic diagnostic instrument known as an Amsler chart to identify alterations in the retina, particularly those indicative of macular degeneration. Typically, this chart is composed of a grid comprising black lines against a white backdrop. In individuals experiencing retinal changes, the lines on the chart may appear distorted.  

Stimulant drugs belong to a class of medications primarily employed for the treatment of narcolepsy, a rare condition characterized by excessive sleepiness. Amphetamine drugs exert their effects by enhancing the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemical substances released by nerve endings. Notably, they stimulate the secretion of noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine), resulting in heightened…

Amoebicides, a class of drugs utilized in the treatment of amoebiasis, include diloxanide and metronidazole among others. These drugs function by effectively eradicating amoebae present in the intestine as well as other tissues within the body.  

Within the realm of antibiotic therapeutics, a notable class of drugs known as aminoglycosides takes center stage. These potent antibiotics, administered through injections, possess remarkable efficacy in combating infections of a severe nature. However, it is essential to exercise caution, for their administration carries the risk of potential harm to the delicate inner ear or…

A medication employed in conjunction with self-help measures to assist in smoking cessation is accompanied by potential side effects such as dry mouth and gastrointestinal disturbances.  

Ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) involves the utilization of a wearable device known as a Holter monitor to record the electrical activity of the heart. This device consists of electrodes attached to the chest. Typically worn for a minimum of 24 hours, the Holter monitor is capable of detecting intermittent arrhythmias, which are abnormal heart rates and…