Author: Glossary
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Phonological disorder
Characterized by failure to use developmentally expected speech sounds that are appropriate for age and dialect. Speech sounds may be omitted, substituted, or distorted, as in saying “w” for “r” or “f” for “th.” Formerly called developmental articulation disorder, this illness is characterized by a failure to articulate appropriate speech sounds for a person’s age…
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Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
Characterized by testing performance on both receptive and expressive language development batteries that is substantially below performance on nonverbal intellectual batteries. The typical manifestation is an inability to understand words or sentences.
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Expressive language disorder
Characterized by scores on tests measuring expressive language development that are below those on tests of nonverbal intelligence and receptive language. Symptoms may include limited vocabulary, speaking only in the present tense, errors in recalling words, and developmentally inappropriate sentence length. Failure of a child to learn how to speak, write, or use sign language…
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Communication disorders
In dsm-iv-tr, this group includes expressive language disorder, mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, phonological disorder, and stuttering. Any speech or language impairment that interferes with human communication.
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Combination treatment
Refers to the use of more than one treatment modality to achieve a desired effect, such as the pairing of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with antidepressant pharmacotherapy to treat panic disorder. It also may refer to the use of two or more medications with different mechanisms of action but within the same overall class, such as…
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Combat fatigue
An outmoded term for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Disabling physical and emotional reaction incident to military combat. Paradoxically, the reaction may not necessarily include fatigue. Disabling physical and emotional reaction incident to military combat. Paradoxically, the reaction may not necessarily include fatigue; an outmoded term especially common in World War II, now replaced by post-traumatic…
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Collective unconscious
In Jungian theory (Carl Gustav Jung, 1875–1961), a portion of the unconscious common to all people. Refers to that portion of the unconscious that Carl Rogers considered common to all humans.
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Colera
A culture-specific sybdrome.
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Cohesive self
The stable sense of one’s identity or core self, which develops through progressive consolidation of the grandiose self, the idealized parental imago, and the person’s talents and skills. A holding environment in which the child develops basic trust promotes optimal development.
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Cohen syndrome
An inherited disorder affecting many parts of the body and characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and weak muscle tone (HYPOTONIA). Other features of the syndrome include progressive nearsightedness. Cohen syndrome is characterized by truncal obesity, hypotonia, mental retardation, and ocular and craniofacial abnormalities. Characteristic craniofacial features include microcephaly, small jaw, prominent incisors, small philtrum,…