Analgesics are medications utilized to alleviate pain. The two primary categories of analgesics are nonopioid and opioid. Nonopioid analgesics are effective in managing mild to moderate pain. Examples include paracetamol, commonly used for headaches and toothaches, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen, which help alleviate mild pain and stiffness associated with arthritic conditions. For more severe pain, a combination of a weak opioid (such as codeine) with a nonopioid analgesic (such as aspirin) is often prescribed. It is important to note that potent opioids like morphine are reserved for cases where other preparations have been ineffective, as they can lead to tolerance and drug dependence.
When body tissues are injured, they release prostaglandins, which are chemical compounds that trigger the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Nonopioid analgesics, with the exception of paracetamol, function by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. Paracetamol, on the other hand, works by blocking pain impulses within the brain itself, thereby preventing the perception of pain. Opioid analgesics operate in a similar manner to endorphins, which are natural pain-relieving substances produced by the body. They block pain impulses at specific sites in the brain and spinal cord.
Paracetamol is generally well-tolerated with few side effects. As for aspirin and most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), they may cause irritation to the stomach lining, resulting in symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, and, in rare cases, the development of a peptic ulcer. Opioid analgesics can lead to side effects such as nausea, drowsiness, constipation, and breathing difficulties. It is worth noting that the euphoric effects produced by certain opioid analgesics have contributed to their potential for abuse.
Nonopioid analgesic drugs that are available over-the-counter should not be used for more than 48 hours without seeking medical advice. If pain persists, worsens in intensity, recurs, or differs from previously experienced pain, it is recommended to consult a doctor for further evaluation and guidance.