Dependence on alcohol; also called alcoholism.
Dependence on alcohol characterized by either tolerance to the agent or development of withdrawal phenomena on cessation of, or reduction in, intake. Other aspects of the syndrome are psychologic dependence and impairment in social or vocational functioning. Medical complications include memory loss and liver dysfunction.
A physical and/or psychological compulsion to consume alcohol. This includes tolerance to alcohol and withdrawal symptoms upon the cessation of consumption.
A disorder involving addiction to alcohol and characterized by tolerance (the need to consume increasingly larger amounts of alcohol to feel its effects), physical symptoms if alcohol is withdrawn, or both. Alcohol dependence is also known as alcoholism, and alcohol-dependent people are known as alcoholics. Untreated, the disease has severe physical, social, and personal consequences.
An illness characterized by the persistent, compulsive, and excessive consumption of alcohol over an extended period, accompanied by the emergence of withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt cessation of drinking. This condition is commonly referred to as alcoholism or alcohol use disorder. It is crucial to seek appropriate medical assistance and support to address the challenges associated with this condition.
The development of alcohol dependence is influenced by a combination of causative factors, including personality traits, environmental influences, and the addictive properties of alcohol. Individuals with inadequate, insecure, or immature personalities are considered to be at a higher risk. Environmental factors also play a significant role, particularly the easy accessibility, affordability, and social acceptance of alcohol. While genetic factors may contribute to alcohol dependence in certain cases, it is widely recognized that anyone, regardless of their personality, environment, or genetic background, can develop dependence. Additionally, stress often acts as a significant catalyst for excessive drinking.
The progression of alcohol dependence typically occurs in four main stages, which unfold gradually over several years, often blending imperceptibly. In the initial phase, the heavy social drinker develops tolerance, enabling them to consume larger quantities of alcohol before experiencing its effects. During the second phase, the individual encounters memory lapses concerning events that transpire during drinking episodes. As the dependence progresses into the third phase, the person loses control over their alcohol consumption. The final stage is characterized by prolonged periods of intoxication through binge drinking, accompanied by potential mental and physical complications.
Alcohol dependence is accompanied by a diverse range of behavioral symptoms. These can encompass grandiose, aggressive, or secretive behavior, as well as notable personality alterations like irritability, jealousy, or uncontrolled anger. Individuals affected by alcohol dependence may also exhibit neglect of their food intake and personal appearance. Prolonged periods of intoxication are common among those experiencing alcohol dependence.
Physical symptoms associated with alcohol dependence can encompass various manifestations. These may include morning nausea, vomiting, or tremors; abdominal pain; cramps; sensations of numbness or tingling; weakness in the legs and hands; dilation of blood vessels in the face; irregular heartbeat; instability; confusion; memory gaps; and incontinence. Abrupt cessation of alcohol consumption can lead to a severe condition known as delirium tremens, characterized by intense tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions.
Individuals with alcohol dependence are more vulnerable to a range of physical and mental disorders compared to those who do not have the condition.
Many individuals with alcohol-related issues require medical assistance to manage the physical withdrawal symptoms, known as detoxification, when they decide to stop consuming alcohol. Following detoxification, long-term treatment is often necessary. There are various approaches to treatment, which can be combined based on individual needs and circumstances.
Psychological treatments for alcohol dependence primarily involve psychotherapy and are commonly conducted in group therapy settings. Social treatments focus on providing practical assistance, such as addressing work-related challenges, and often incorporate the involvement of family members. Physical treatment options include the utilization of disulfiram, a medication that sensitizes the individual to alcohol, leading to unpleasant side effects upon consumption. Another medication, acamprosate, is used to help reduce alcohol cravings.
Alcoholics Anonymous and similar self-help organizations offer valuable support and guidance to individuals seeking assistance with their alcohol-related challenges. These organizations provide a platform for individuals to connect with others facing similar struggles, offering support, advice, and a sense of community.