A specially trained individual who evaluates, habilitates, and performs research related to speech and language problems; and plans, directs, and conducts remedial programs designed to restore or improve the communication efficiency of children or adults with language and speech impairments whether arising from physiological and neurological disturbances, defective articulation or foreign dialect. Approximately 26,500 persons were employed as speech pathologists and audiologists in 1973. Licensure usually requires a master’s degree. The American Speech and Hearing Association awards a certificate of clinical competence which requires academic training at the master’s degree level, one year of experience in the field, and the passing of a national examination. At the close of 1973, 10,135 persons held certificates of clinical competence in speech pathology. Nearly half of the ASHA members are employed in elementary or secondary schools and a large majority are engaged in clinical work—either diagnostic or therapeutic. Some speech pathologists are also trained as audiologists.