An form of leukemia characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells, known as blasts, within the bone marrow. Without intervention, acute leukemia can lead to mortality in a matter of weeks or months.
The atypical cells can fall into two primary categories: lymphoblasts (early-stage lymphocytes) in the case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and myeloblasts (immature variations of different white blood cell types) in instances of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).
In many instances, the exact cause of acute leukemia remains elusive. Nonetheless, exposure to specific chemicals, like benzene, or elevated levels of radiation, could pose a risk. The prior history of cancer treatments might also elevate the likelihood of leukemia development. Genetic predisposition is believed to play a role, with a heightened occurrence among individuals with certain genetic conditions such as Fanconi’s anemia, and chromosomal irregularities like Down’s syndrome. Furthermore, individuals with blood disorders like aplastic anemia or primary polycythemia face an increased risk due to their pre-existing abnormal bone marrow conditions.
The indications and manifestations of acute leukemia arise from the atypical white blood cells congesting the bone marrow and invading the bloodstream and bodily tissues. These encompass bleeding gums, headaches, susceptibility to bruising, bone discomfort, swollen lymph nodes, and anemia-related symptoms like fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath during physical activity. Additionally, individuals might experience recurring chest or throat infections.
Blood examinations (and occasionally tests on the cerebrospinal fluid enveloping the brain and spinal cord) might uncover the existence of unusual white blood cells, yet the confirmation of diagnosis is achieved through a bone marrow biopsy.
The treatment process is separated into two stages: first, remission induction to manage the illness, and then consolidation to prevent its resurgence. Approaches encompass blood and platelet transfusions; administration of anticancer medications to eliminate irregular marrow cells; and potentially, radiotherapy to eradicate any anomalous cells in the brain. In some cases, a bone marrow or stem cell transplant might also be necessary.
Chemotherapy has elevated success rates, though the prognosis relies on the specific leukemia variety and the patient’s age. Typically, individuals with ALL tend to exhibit more favorable responses to treatment compared to those with AML. Notably, many children diagnosed with ALL have the potential for complete recuperation. Conversely, the efficacy of AML treatment is diminished for individuals above the age of fifty.