Termed as a periapical abscess, an accumulation of purulent fluid enclosed within the tissue surrounding the terminal portion of a tooth’s root arises predominantly due to bacterial contamination.
The occurrence of a periapical abscess ensues when bacteria infiltrate the pulp, which refers to the tissues residing in the central cavity of a tooth, consequently leading to the demise of the pulp. This prevalent phenomenon often arises due to dental caries, wherein the enamel and dentine of the tooth undergo destruction, thereby facilitating the entry of bacteria into the pulp. Additionally, bacterial intrusion into the pulp can transpire following a tooth injury. Subsequently, the infection within the pulp disseminates to the adjacent tissue, culminating in the formation of an abscess.
Referred to as a periodontal abscess, the development of an abscess arises from the accumulation of bacteria within the crevices that emerge between the teeth and gums. This particular type of abscess serves as an indication of chronic periodontal disease, wherein the integrity of the periodontal membrane, which serves as the attachment between the tooth and bone, becomes compromised. In severe instances, this condition can lead to the erosion of the supporting bone.
The pained or pulsating tooth experiences discomfort, and biting or chewing often induces agony. The gum surrounding the tooth is sensitive and might exhibit redness and inflammation. An untreated abscess has the potential to gradually corrode a sinus (a passage) within the jawbone, leading to the emergence of a gumboil (a swelling) on the gum surface. In the event of the gumboil rupturing, pus is released into the oral cavity, typically alleviating the pain. As the abscess extends into the neighboring tissues and bones, glands in the neck and face may become enlarged, and indications of infection, such as headaches and fever, may manifest.
To alleviate a periapical abscess, it may be necessary to create an opening by drilling through the tooth’s crown, reaching the pulp cavity and allowing the discharge of pus. This is followed by root canal therapy, which involves filling the pulp cavity with dental cement. In certain instances, tooth extraction becomes an essential course of action. If the infection has spread, antibiotic medications are prescribed. Conversely, a periodontal abscess can typically be addressed by the dentist meticulously removing the infected material through careful scraping.