These widely used drugs include a range of different preparations which can relieve moderate or severe depression. They are not effective in milder forms of depression although they may be tried for a short time if other therapies have failed.
Pharmaceutical substances employed in the management of depression are referred to as antidepressant drugs. The majority of widely prescribed antidepressants can be categorized into three main groups: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
In a typical scenario, brain cells fulfill the crucial function of releasing an adequate amount of neurotransmitters, which serve as chemical messengers, to stimulate neighboring brain cells. These neurotransmitters undergo constant reabsorption into the brain cells through the action of a specific chemical known as monoamine oxidase. Depression is theorized to arise from a reduction in the release of these neurotransmitters. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) act by impeding the reabsorption process, thus elevating the levels of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and serotonin, both of which are important neurotransmitters. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), on the other hand, operate by blocking the activity of monoamine oxidase, thereby resulting in increased levels of neurotransmitters. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) solely target the reabsorption of serotonin.
Antidepressant medications typically alleviate the symptoms associated with depression, although it often requires a span of two to three weeks for the beneficial effects to become noticeable. Treatment duration generally extends to a minimum of six months, and the dosage is gradually tapered off before discontinuation.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) can potentially give rise to side effects such as constipation, dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision, difficulty with urination, and irregular heartbeat. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may lead to symptoms like nausea, indigestion, loss of appetite, and sexual difficulties; however, they pose a lower risk of overdose compared to other antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) have the potential to interact with certain foods and medications, although moclobemide carries a lower likelihood of causing such complications.
Antidepressants are generally non-addictive; however, it is important to avoid abruptly discontinuing certain types of antidepressants as it can lead to physical symptoms. Gradual tapering off of medication is recommended to minimize any potential withdrawal effects.
Consuming food and beverages that contain tyramine, such as cheese and red wine, as well as certain medications, can potentially lead to a hazardous increase in blood pressure when taken concurrently with MAOIs. It is crucial to inform your doctor if you are currently undergoing treatment with an MAOI to ensure appropriate precautions and guidance are provided.