A decentralized approach to handling educational and related questions concerning neighborhood schools, generally found in large cities in reaction to previous highly centralized school administrations, which were seen as unresponsive to local needs. Critics charge that decentralization too often leads to lack of control and accountability, and opens the door to fraud and corruption. Programs such as schools of choice are attempting to make schools more responsive and to involve parents in the educational process while retaining the overall centralized planning required by large cities.