Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a process label proposed by Gardner (1998) for describing how children in contested divorce situations can become hostile and distant from one of their parents. Parental alienation creates a singular, enmeshed relationship between a child and one parent. The fully alienated child does not wish to have any contact whatsoever with one parent and expresses only negative feelings for that parent and only positive feelings for the other parent. There are varying degrees to which this problem may manifest. Incidence rates remain largely unknown, although custody evaluators and family attorneys find repeated instances of this phenomenon in their caseloads.