Know about Fragrant Sumac

Plant Description

Fragrant sumac is a straggling to upright deciduous woody shrub, rarely becoming more trees that normally grows about 2-6 ft. (0.6-1.8 m) tall with a spread of 6-10 ft. (1.8-3 m). The plant is found growing in dry rocks, sands, open woods, often on limestone outcrops, disturbed sites, fence rows, roadsides, abandoned fields, forest, grassland borders, glades, bluff tops, savannas, openings in upland forests, old fields, railroads, open rocky woodlands, valley bottoms, lower rocky slopes, wooded bluffs, upland rocky woods, barren rocky areas, limestone glades and sand prairies. The plant tolerates a variety of soil types, but is especially well adapted to shallow, infertile, rocky soils, derived from a variety of substrates: dolomite, limestone, sandstone, and chert. Sites are typically dry and excessively drained, and are commonly located on sandstone or shale ridges. The plant has extensive, shallow root system.

Bark

The bark is of a dark, rusty-brown color externally, and a pink or walnut color below the cork. It is about ⅛ of an inch in thickness, and throughout the inner bark of a prime article are little cavities containing a transparent balsam, somewhat resembling balsam of fir. Wood is white or yellowish. When fresh, the wounded bark exudes a turpentine-like balsam, or solution of a resin in some volatile oil, which dries to a glossy tear or layer. The bark is astringent, but, undoubtedly, the turpentine-like balsam likewise possesses considerable medicinal value.

Leaves

The alternate leaves are trifoliate. The individual leaflets are up to 3 inches long and 1½ inches across, although they are often half this size. Terminal leaflet is somewhat larger than the lateral leaflets. They are elliptic, oval-ovate, oblanceolate, or obovate in shape, coarsely crenate or shallowly cleft along their margins, and green, yellowish green, or red. The upper surface of each leaflet is glabrous to finely pubescent (canescent), while the lower surface is sparsely pubescent to softly hairy. Each leaflet is sessile, or it has a short petiole. The crushed foliage has a pleasant bittersweet fragrance.

Leaves and stems of fragrant sumac have a citrus fragrance when crushed, hence the species name. Leaves resemble those of its relative poison ivy, but fragrant sumac is not poisonous. It inhabits mostly uplands areas, while poison ivy has no odor and can inhabit various habitats. It develops a good autumn color like other sumacs of bright yellow to red to red-purple. Some are grown by large, diverse nurseries or by native-plant nurseries and are infrequently planted in landscapes in the Midwest and East.

Flowers

Tiny yellow flowers bloom at the twig tips in early spring before the foliage. Separate male flowers (in catkins) and female flowers (in clusters) appear on the same plants (monoecious) or, more commonly, on different plants (dioecious). The male flowers are in yellowish catkins at the tips of branches and appear in summer and persist throughout the winter until eventually blooming in spring. The female flowers are in a tight cluster that grows near the ends of prior year branches; flowers open right after the leaves open in central MN. Female flowers give way in late summer to small clusters of hairy, red berries which may persist into winter. Fruit is attractive to wildlife. Flowering normally takes place from March through May.

Fruit

The blooming period occurs during the spring. During the summer, the flowers are replaced by hairy red drupes, about the size of a pea, covered with dense, white pubescence. They are produced in clusters of about a dozen, and are on stalks about ½ inches long. Each drupe is up to ¼ inches across and globoid-ovoid in shape. Fruit consists of a single smooth reddish-brown oval to bean shaped nutlet. These fruits provide winter food for Wild Turkey, grouse, wintering birds, and active small mammals. The foliage is not very palatable for most animals.

Traditional uses and benefits of Fragrant Sumac

• Leaves and root bark are astringent and diuretic.
• They were used in the treatment of colds, stomach aches and bleeding.
• An infusion can be used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery.
• It is used externally, it is used to treat excessive vaginal discharge and skin eruptions and also as a gargle for sore throats.
• Its use is contraindicated if inflammation is present.
• They have been chewed in the treatment of stomach aches, toothaches and gripe and used as a gargle to treat mouth and throat complaints.
• They help reduce fevers and may be of help in treating late-onset diabetes.
• Fruits and leaves are reported to have a variety of herbal pharmacological uses: analgesic, antidiarrheal, burn dressing, cold remedy, dietary aid, diuretic, toothache remedy, reproduction aid, and gynecological aid.
• Native Americans used it for a variety of medicinal purposes such as to control vomiting and fever, treat scurvy, and as a poultice for skin ailments.
• Tart fruits have been chewed as a breath freshener.

Culinary Uses

• Fruit can be consumed raw or cooked.
• Fruit is small with very little flesh, but it is easily harvested and when soaked for 10 – 30 minutes in hot or cold water makes a very refreshing lemonade-like drink (without any fizz of course).
• The mixture should not be boiled since this will release tannic acids and make the drink astringent.
• The fruit can also be dried and ground into a powder then mixed with corn meal and used in cakes, porridges etc.
• American Indians made a tart drink from the ripe fruits of fragrant sumac.
• Ripe fruits are dried and used in teas.

Other Uses

• Leaves are rich in tannin (up to 25%) and can be collected as they fall in the autumn then used as a brown dye or as a mordant.
• Bark is also a good source of tannin.
• Oil is extracted from the seeds.
• It attains a tallow-like consistency on standing and is used to make candles.
• These burn brilliantly, though they emit a pungent smoke.
• The plant has an extensive root system and is sometimes planted to prevent soil erosion.
• The split stems are used in basket making.
• It grows at about 12 to 18 inches per year.
• The leaves, mixed with tobacco, were used as a smoking mixture.

Precautions

• There are some suggestions that the sap of this species can cause a skin rash in vulnerable people.
• Avoid its use during pregnancy and breast feeding.

References:

https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28779#null

https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=101781

https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+aromatica

https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l980

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RHAR4

https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhuaro/all.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus_aromatica

http://tn-grin.nat.tn/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=101780

https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/RHUAR

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50130206

https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_rhar4.pdf

https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/fragrant_sumac.htm

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